Distributing the spoils of a joint enterprise on the basis of work contribution or relative productivity seems natural to the modern Western mind. But such notions of merit-based distributive justice may be culturally constructed norms that vary with the social and economic structure of a group. In the present research, we showed that children from three different cultures have very different i...

This paper investigates to what extent fair trade programmes, are indeed ‘fair’. This is accomplished by comparing fair trade with free trade and protectionist trade regimes on their compliance of the criteria set by the fair trade movement itself. This comparison is made using comparative cost based and economies of scale models. It is found that whether or not fair trade is superior to free t...

We study various classical secure computation problems in the context of fairness, and relate them with each other. We also systematically study fair sampling problems (i.e., inputless functionalities) and discover three levels of complexity for them. Our results include the following: – Fair exchange cannot be securely reduced to the problem of fair cointossing by an r-round protocol, except w...

Fair division methods offer guarantees to agents of the proportional size or quality of their share in a division of a resource (cake). These guarantees come with a price. Standard fair division methods (or ”cake cutting” algorithms) do not find efficient allocations (not Pareto optimal). The lack of efficiency of these methods makes them less attractive for solving multi-agent resource and tas...

Fair value accounting is a concept whose main goal to provide quality information about financial status, success and cash flows in order satisfy the informational needs of investors. By introducing this concept, focus placed on balance sheet not income statement as was case historical cost concept. The reporting show assets, liabilities net assets at fair date. subject research work applicatio...

STUDY DESIGN Clinical Measurement, Correlation, Reliability OBJECTIVES To assess the relationship between the Single Leg Balance (SLB), modified Balance Error Scoring System (mBESS), and modified Star Excursion Balance (mSEBT) tests and secondarily to assess inter-rater and test-retest reliability of these tests. BACKGROUND Ankle sprains often result in chronic instability and dysfunction. ...

Transitive game balance – balancing a set of game objects so that they all have the same cost/benefit ratio –is a difficult subject to teach effectively. While the theory behind it is straightforward, the games that would make the most practical examples tend to be too complicated for classroom analysis, and they often have some imperfections in their balance (there is no “perfect example” of b...

OBJECTIVE To determine the concurrent validity of the Balance Outcome Measure for Elder Rehabilitation (BOOMER) with both the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and gait speed. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Two geriatric rehabilitation units. PARTICIPANTS Elderly adults (N=134) admitted to inpatient rehabilitation. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The BOOMER consis...

Fairness in machine learning is getting rising attention as it directly related to real-world applications and social problems. Recent methods have been explored alleviate the discrimination between certain demographic groups that are characterized by sensitive attributes (such race, age, or gender). Some studies found data itself biased, so training on causes unfair decision making. Models tra...