Despite increasing calls for reform many countries continue to provide subsidies for gasoline and diesel. This paper quantifies the external costs from global fuel subsidies using the latest available data and estimates from the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. Under preferred assumptions about supply and demand elasticities, current subsidies cause $44 billion in external costs annu...

This paper aims to measure the external cost in the production of detergents by Tolypers Company during 2011. The used methods included sequenced consequence approach to quantify the external cost of air pollution resulting from the combustion in production process of detergents, fuel analysis techniques to obtain the weighted value of each pollutant per unit of fuel, and unit cost estimation t...

Given the need to reduce fuel emissions from transport many research studies have been devoted development of technologies and identification new policies tackle this problem. The majority these strategies either increase costs (e.g., technology), are more time-consuming (i.e., choosing a sustainable mode transport), or encourage consumers forgo travel plans flights holiday destinations). Imple...