a fair hearing in the courts requires the principles of procedure. because arbitration is kind of judgment, so in the arbitration hearing the arbitrator or arbitral tribunal is not bound to observe the principles of procedural formalisms. but they oblige to compliance of principals of civil procedure. equal treatment with parties and adversarial procedure are principles that arbitrator obliged ...

We consider whether the fragmentation of combatants during civil war has downstream effects on the durability of peace following civil wars. We contend that the splintering of combatant groups, a primary manifestation of rebel group fragmentation, produces potential spoiler groups that are neither incidental nor unimportant in the process of civil war resolution. Making connections to the spoil...

The "wisdom of the crowds" refers to the ability of statistical aggregates based on multiple opinions to outperform individuals, including experts, in various prediction and estimation tasks. For example, crowds have been shown to be effective at forecasting outcomes of future events. We seek to improve the quality of such aggregates by eliminating poor performing individuals, if we can identif...

speedy trail is one of the important subjects of civil procedure. the concept of consequences of speedy trail, because of their direct and speedy effects on claimants and defendants and even some times on third parties, is very important. the judge’s unsuitable treatment can also have some consequences in respect of his responsibility. in this paper it has been tried to analyze the consequences...

2. Types of Procedural Knowledge Procedural knowledge forms an important part of expertise. This paper describes a system which allows domain experts to themselves enter procedural Knowledge into a knowledge base. The system, a stylized form of scientific English embodied within the Unit System for knowledge acquisition and representation, has been used successfully within the domain of molecul...

We provide evidence that intrinsic evaluation of summaries using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk is quite difficult. Experiments mirroring evaluation at the Text Analysis Conference’s summarization track show that nonexpert judges are not able to recover system rankings derived from experts.