BACKGROUND Socioeconomic inequalities in life expectancy have been shown among the middle aged and the youngest of the old individuals, but the situation in the oldest old is less clear. The aim of this study was to investigate trends in life expectancy at ages 85, 90 and 95 years by education in Norway in the period 1961-2009. METHODS This was a register-based population study including all ...

BACKGROUND Scotland has been dubbed 'the sick man of Europe' on account of its higher mortality rates compared with other western European countries. It is not clear the length of time for which Scotland has had higher mortality rates. The root causes of the higher mortality in Scotland remain elusive. METHODS Life expectancy data from the Human Mortality Database were tabulated and graphed f...

We describe here the methods used to produce the first estimates of healthy life expectancy (DALE) for 191 countries in 1999. These were based on estimates of the incidence, prevalence, and disability distributions for 109 disease and injury causes by age group, sex, and region of the world, and an analysis of 60 representative health surveys across the world. We used Sullivan's method to compu...

William James posited that comparable brain regions were implicated in the anticipation and perception of a stimulus; however, dissociable networks (at least in part) may also underlie these processes. Recent functional neuroimaging studies have addressed this issue by comparing brain systems associated with the expectancy and perception of visual, tactile, nociceptive, and reward stimuli. In t...

II. Preliminary Results of the Study A. Global and Micro Dimensions of Judges' Behavior B. Testing the Model C. Simple Relationships in the Model 1. Background--Expectancy ("A-B") relationships 2. Background--Behavior ("A-C") relationships 3. Background--Outcome ("A-D") relationships 4. Background--Judge/jury agreement ("A-E") relationships 5. Background--Sentence ("A-F") relationships 6. Expec...

This study investigates perceptions of swearing from an expectancy violations perspective. Degree of expectancy violation is hypothesized to depend on several communicator, relationship, contextual, and message characteristics. Results support that expectancy violations are related to the formality of the situation in which swearing occurs and the specific swearing phrase. No support is found f...

During the twentieth century, life expectancy rose significantly across the globe due to improvements in public health and overall living conditions.[1] By 1950, life expectancy in most of today's developed countries had increased by an average of 20 years. In 1900, Japan's life expectancy was 43 years; today that country boasts the highest in the world at 83. The United States entered the last...

Life expectancy is influenced by a number of factors. There is a significant degree of variation in life expectancy among nations, particularly in the Asian region. The Physician to population ratio in the region is also not uniform. This study aims to assess the influence of physician population ratio on the life expectancy. Data on the number of doctors per 10,000 people and the life expectan...

Health expectancy is a widely used measure for monitoring trends in the health of a population and assessing differences in health among population groups. However, no decomposition method is available to examine the contribution made by causes of death and disability to differences in health expectancy among population groups or periods. We present a method for decomposing differences in healt...

OBJECTIVE To review and evaluate the usefulness of healthy life expectancy as a global indicator of changes in a population's health. DESIGN Review of all known studies to date from the United States, mainland Europe, Canada, and the United Kingdom that have used Sullivan's method of calculating disability free life expectancy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Life expectancy and disability free life ...