Consumer and resource control of diversity in plant communities have long been treated as alternative hypotheses. However, experimental and theoretical evidence suggests that herbivores and nutrient resources interactively regulate the number and relative abundance of coexisting plant species. Experiments have yielded divergent and often contradictory responses within and among ecosystems, and ...

Accurate estimation of the double-bounce scattering fd and surface scattering fs coefficients with Freeman-Durden decomposition is still difficult. This difficulty arises because overestimation of the volume scattering energy contribution Pv leads to negative values for fd and fs. A generalized residual model is introduced to estimate fd and fs. The relationship between Pv and the residual mode...

Spiders are recorded as indigenous natural enemies of tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis spp.), which is one of the major economically important pests of cashew. Consecutive survey for three years revealed occurrence of 117 species of spiders belonging to 18 families viz., Araneidae, Clubionidae, Corinnidae, Gnaphosidae, Hersilidae, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Miturgidae, Nephilidae, Oxyopidae, Pholcidae...

The design of road surfaces involves application a sophisticated algorithm system based on mathematical calculations and engineering solutions, with the calculation evaluation criteria. It is precisely observance standardized requirements in terms criteria that makes it possible to consider pavement as reliable, safe convenient for traffic during specified service life. When calculating strengt...

Biodiversity is a function of the number any taxon present, evenness with which taxons are distributed (species or family evenness) and interaction component richness evenness. The present investigation was carried out to study arthropod biodiversity in Horticulture ecosystem at RVS Agricultural College, Thanjavur, India. farm lies between 10.6796° N latitude 78.9194° E longitude an altitude 42...

the influence of long-term mixed organic and inorganic contamination on soil microbial activity, community structure and genetic diversity was investigated in soil samples from a coke oven plant located in upper silesia, poland. the tested soils were heavily contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) and heavy metals. the microbial communities were characterized using the phospho...