The ovipositor of the female (Leucospidae) is sometimes very short, otherwise it curved and extends along dorsal part abdomen. males have peculiarity that segments metasoma form a kind capsule or shell. deposits an egg on near prey. When larva hatches, first seeks out kills any competitors only then begins to feed host. objective this article deal with animal behavior Leucospidae Family. For th...

Tinbergen suggested there are four major aims or questions in ethology. All of these contribute to the larger single question of why animals behave as they do. Here, I emphasise one aim, to understand the evolution of behaviour. Using studies of sexual communication in túngara frogs (Physalaemus pustulosus) I attempt to illustrate how an analysis of the past evolution of behaviour can contribut...

Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A. Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A. Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A. Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A. Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, University of Gottingen,...

The public profile of animal behavior research is out of all proportion to the number of biologists who engage in this kind of work, or the share of funding which they receive. The television genre of the ‘wildlife program’ was substantially shaped by the early contributions of Niko Tinbergen and his students, such as Desmond Morris at Granada Television. High-profile public controversies about...

Human history reveals that the way in which humans treat animals is based on their views of themselves as well as of the living environment around them. These views may vary from an assumption of human superiority to one of equality between humans and animals. Recent trends affecting companion-animal welfare are: modern philosophies on animal issues, the specialised and varied roles that compan...

A useful source for unifying theories guiding research on the expression of emotions by the voice as well as by accompanying visual gestures (kinesics) is provided by ethology, the science devoted to the comparative study of behavior. Ethology, examining human and non-human behavior, maintains that much of behavior is shaped by phylogenetic adaptations. In this paper I will review and present e...

The insights of ethology-the science of animal behavior from a biological and psychological point of view-were incorporated in the 1950s by the British developmental psychiatrist, John Bowlby, into his attachment theory, which argued that a secure affective base in infancy was critical to the normal development of perception, cognition, learning, and emotion, in addition to that of physical par...

There is a growing recognition for the significance of evolutionary thinking in ecology and conservation biology. However, ecology and conservation studies often work with species-specific, fixed traits that ignore intraspecific variation. The way the habitat of a species is considered is an example of typological thinking biased by human perception. Structural habitat units (e.g., land cover t...