Eight research protocols which had previously been approved by Ethical Research Committees (ERCs) were reviewed in simulated review committees set up during a symposium on medical ethics. Only three protocols were considered to provide fully adequate information to allow ethical review and only one protocol was thought to provide sufficient guarantees on the ethical issues raised by the propose...

The present commentary is based on the following considerations: 1) for the purposes of authorisation, a distinction is drawn between "research" and "intervention". The procedures for authorising the former are more complex, the relevant controls are stricter and approval has to be granted by a Research Ethics Committee (REC); 2) although the debate is still open, it is barely credible to claim...

This report provides practical guidance on refinement of the use of food and fluid control as motivational tools for macaques used in behavioural neuroscience research. The guidance is based on consideration of the scientific literature and, where data are lacking, expert opinion and professional experience, including that of the members of a Working Group convened by the United Kingdom Nationa...

This paper presents an ethical framework for Big Data and Smart cities, focusing on contemporary non-ethical issues in big data analytics applications smart cities public transportation systems. The provides reviews analysis of emerging a summary recommendations discussions four areas. By reviewing recent studies both the technological development problems industries, this seeks to find raise a...

Forensic psychiatrists serve to bridge the divide between medical issues and legal operations. Forensic practice deals with the coexistence of medical, legal, and ethical issues within a sociopolitical and legal framework (Sharma and Sharma, 2006). The areas of forensic practice include evaluation of competency, insanity, child custody, and testament recapacity (Wettstein, 2002). In addition, f...

The ethical review of research on human beings, and indeed the ethical review of broader ranges of human activity, is a growth industry. I want to look here at the ethical review of research on humans and raise some questions about the direction it is taking. I am pessimistic about where the institutions that we have set up are leading us and I want to sound a warning note and suggest some chan...

Health research initiatives worldwide are growing in scope and complexity, particularly as they move into the developing world. Expanding health research activity in low- and middle-income countries has resulted in a commensurate rise in the need for sound ethical review structures and functions in the form of Research Ethics Committees (RECs). The urgent need for continued capacity development...

a bstract background: clinical competency is one of the most important requirements in nursing profession, based on which nurses are assessed. to obtain an effective and improved form of clinical competency, several factors are observed and monitored by the health educational systems. among these observed factors, spiritual intelligence is considered as one of the most significant factors in nu...

Strings are an important part of most real application multivalued contexts. Their conceptual treatment requires the definition of substring scales, i.e., sets of relevant substrings, so as to form informative concepts. However these scales are either defined by hand, or derived in a context-unaware manner (e.g., all words occuring in string values). We present an efficient algorithm based on s...