Cervical dystonia is the most common form of focal dystonia (Dashtipour et al., 2007). It is characterized by involuntary movement of the neck resulting in abnormal neck posture (Brin & Benabou, 1999; Dent, 2002). Cervicalgia and headache sometimes occur in patients suffering from the disease (Albanese, 2005; Brashear, 2004, Schim, 2006). A critical long-term sequelae of this kind of movement d...

Many provinces in China including Shanghai, Tianjin, Jiansu, Hubei, Hangzhou, Suzhou, Changzhou, Cangzhou, and Jianxing (Deng and Ju, 1994; Ding et al., 2005; Hu et al., 2004; Xue et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2005) are subsiding owing to rapid development and urbanization. The cause identified with these subsidence phenomena has been mainly due to excessive withdrawal of groundwater (Chai et al.,...

the nw-se trending zagros fold and thrust belt extends for about 1,800 km from a location some 300 km se of the east anatolian fault in ne turkey to the strait of hormuz where the north-south trending zendan-minab-palami fault system (zmp) separates the zagros belt from the makran accretionary prism. the ne limit of the zagros belt is marked by the main zagros reverse fault which is rotated abo...

Optimality Theory (henceforth OT) (Prince and Smolensky 1993/2004) is based upon lexicographic optimization. It differs in this respect from Harmonic Grammar (henceforth HG) (Legendre et al. 1990a, Legendre et al. 1990b), which is based upon linear numeric optimization. Differences between the two have been discussed in several places, including (Legendre et al. 2006, Pater et al. 2007a, Prince...

The HER-2/neu oncogene (c-erbB-2) is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family and encodes a 185-kDa transmembrane glycoprotein with tyrosine kinase activity (Schechter et al., 1984; Akiyama et al., 1986). HER-2/neu is mapped to the long arm of chromosome 17 (17q21) (Muleris et al., 1997) and its protein product is involved in signal transduction (Yarden, 2001; Marmor et al., 2004...

Eukaryotic cells discharge secretory products by fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane, a process that is often regulated. In neurons and endocrine cells, exocytosis uses intracellular Ca as the final trigger and can be enhanced in different ways by protein kinases. Thus, in pituitary gonadotropes, protein kinase C (PKC) increases the Ca sensitivity of exocytosis (Zhu et al., 20...

Most primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors are derived from glial cells and collectively referred to as gliomas. Malignant gliomas exhibit a high rate of cell motility and migration that contributes to the invasiveness of the tumors (Amberger et al. 1998, Griscelli et al. 2000, DeAngelis 2001, Bello et al. 2004). Thus, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms which regulate glioma ce...

how to cite this article: inaloo s, haghbin s. multiple sclerosis in children. iran j child neurol. 2013 spring;7(2):1-10.   multiple sclerosis (ms) is the most important immune-mediated demyelinated disease of human which is typically the disease of young adults. a total of 4% to 5% of ms population are pediatric. pediatric ms is defined as the appearance of ms before the age of sixteen. about...

Neural stem cells (NSCs) critical for the continued production of new neurons and glia are sequestered in distinct areas of the brain called stem cell niches. Until recently, only two forebrain sites, the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the anterolateral ventricle and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus, have been recognized adult stem cell niches (Alvarez-Buylla and Lim, 2004; Doetsch e...

RNA has been shown recently to playa prominent role in regulating gene expression in a wide variety of organisms. Natural examples of RNA-dependent gene regulation include modulation of transcription (Wassarman and Storz, 2000; Winkler et al., 2002), translation (Moller-Jensen et al., 200 I; Moller et al., 2002; Bartel, 2004), and the temporal stability of mRNA (Masse et al., 2003; Meister and ...