Aim: To describe the development and treatment of V-pattern and bilateral over-elevation in adduction in patients with cyclic esotropia. Methods: Three patients with cyclic esotropia are described in retrospect. All patients underwent bilateral medial recession, while one patient additionally had a weakening procedure of both inferior oblique muscles. Results: All patients developed a V-pattern...

PURPOSE This study reports the outcomes of strabismus surgery to eliminate bifocals in patients with accommodative esotropia with a high accommodative convergence to accommodation (AC:A) ratio. DESIGN Retrospective interventional case series. METHODS Sixteen patients who wore bifocals for treatment of accommodative esotropia with a high AC:A ratio underwent strabismus surgery following pris...

PURPOSE To determine the long-term results of botulinum therapy in acquired esotropia and to identify predictors of a satisfactory outcome. METHODS Sixty-eight children (age range, 8-64 months) with acquired esotropia were enrolled in a prospective study. Botulinum toxin A was injected in the two medial recti. Motor and sensory statuses were evaluated at 1 and 2 weeks; 3, 6, and 12 months; an...

IMPORTANCE We devised the optokinetic uncover test to examine the role of peripheral retinal motion input in generating horizontal optokinetic responses in patients with infantile strabismus. OBJECTIVE To ascertain whether subcortical visual input contributes to the asymmetrical monocular optokinetic responses that characterize infantile esotropia. DESIGN AND SETTING Observational study in ...

Objectives. Acute acquired comitant esotropia (AACE) can be a diagnostic challenge for ophthalmologists and neurologists because of its association with neurological pathologies. Our study describes a series of adult patients with AACE of undetermined etiology. Methods. Data on the clinical findings of patients presented with AACE of undetermined etiology with a minimum follow-up of 1 year were...

OBJECTIVE To determine the sensitivity and specificity of several classification rules for stability and instability of angle in childhood esotropia. METHODS We conducted 10 000 Monte Carlo simulations of participants with no actual change in angle of esotropia during follow-up, where "observed" changes in ocular alignment were sampled from a distribution of measurement errors for the prism a...

Partially accommodative esotropia is an acquired strabismus characterized by high hyperopia, a normal AC/A ratio, and a deviation that responds only partially to spectacle correction. Surgery is done for the non-accommodative portion of the deviation. Over-corrections are managed by reducing the hyperopic power of the spectacles. This retrospective study was done to determine the risk factors f...

Background/aims: Racial variation in the pattern of strabismus is known, but few large scale studies on non-white populations are available. Furthermore, longitudinal change in this pattern within a local setting has not been well documented in the past. This study aims to support the clinical impression that exotropia is more common in Chinese patients, and that the proportion of patients with...

+2-00 to +2-75 dioptres of spherical hypermetropia in the more emmetropic of a pair of eyes is significantly associated with esotropia (P less than 0-001) and the presence of amblyopia (P less than 0-01). Anisometropia is not significantly associated with esotropia (P = 0-31) unless there is spherical hypermetropia of +2-00 dioptres or more in the more emmetropic eye (P less than 0-001). Hyperm...