A hypothetical time variation of the gravitational constant G would cause neutron star matter to depart from beta equilibrium, due to the changing hydrostatic equilibrium. This induces nonequilibrium beta processes, which release energy that is invested partly in neutrino emission and partly in internal heating. Eventually, the star arrives at a stationary state in which the temperature remains...

The site-selective H/D exchange reaction of phenol in sub- and supercritical water is studied without added catalysts. In subcritical water in equilibrium with steam at 210-240 degrees C, the H/D exchange proceeds both at the ortho and para sites in the phenyl ring, with no exchange observed at the meta site. The pseudo-first-order rate constants are of the order of 10(-4) s(-1); 50% larger for...

where CH and C are species of ferricytochrome c which exhibit a 69.5 nm absorbance band, and NC (no color) is a form without this band; the oxidation-reduction potentials of CH and NC differ significantly. The values of the constants in this scheme were determined at 25” except for the oxidation and reduction rate constants, which were determined at 22”. The pH dependence of the observed rate c...

A fundamental reworking of pharmacokinetic theory for the use of contrast reagents (CRs) in T(1)-weighted MRI studies is presented. Unlike the standard model in common use, this derivation starts with the quantities measured, the intravascular, interstitial, and intracellular (1)H(2)O signals. The time dependences of CR concentrations are introduced as perturbations of the T(1) values of these....

Based on the non-equilibrium Green’s function formalism the performance of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors has been studied. The effects of elastic scattering and the impact of parameters of inelastic scattering, such as electron-phonon coupling strength and phonon energy, on the device performance are analyzed.

where r is the distance between covalently bonded atoms , a is the corresponding equilibrium distance, and ka is the spring constant. The equilibrium distance between atoms can be obtained from X-ray diffraction experiments or using ab initio quantum calculations. The spring constant can be determined using the results of infrared adsorption and Raman spectroscopy. The frequency of bond length ...

A principal wants an agent to complete a project. The agent undertakes unobservable effort, which affects in each period the probability that the project is completed. We characterise the contracts that the principal sets, with and without commitment. With full commitment, the contract involves the agent’s value and wage declining over time, in order to give the agent incentives to exert effort...

industrial wastewater included the dyes one of the important sources of environmental pollution that founded in loom wastewater which are harmful for human health and environment. therefore, the purpose of this research was investigated removal of rb5 dye from aqueous solution by using of adsorption onto activated red mud as an cheap adsorbent. this research was experimental- laboratorial study...

Reagentless biosensors rely on the interaction of a binding partner and its target to generate a change in fluorescent signal using an environment-sensitive fluorophore or Förster resonance energy transfer. Binding affinity can exert a significant influence on both the equilibrium and the dynamic response characteristics of such a biosensor. We here develop a kinetic model for the dynamic perfo...

Le Chatelier's principle is used as a very simple way to predict the effect of a change in conditions on a chemical equilibrium. . However, several studies have reported the violation of this principle, still there is no reported simple mathematical equation to express the exact condition of violation in the gas phase reactions. In this article, we derived a simple equation for the violation of...