The present work is devoted to the semantic analysis of modality in Siin Seereer. latter an African language belonging West Atlantic branch Niger-Congo family. It a through which enunciator can express his/her ideas and point views expression modality. Thus, there are lots operators used Seereer deal with (deontic, epistemic, dynamic, etc.). So, article aims highlight different types modality, ...

Commitment should be understood as a dynamic and discursive category. This raises some important questions for the theory of grammar: to what extent do languages encode the dynamic and discursive aspects of commitment? At what level of analysis does this encoding take place? Which markers encode these aspects? In order to answer some of these questions two Italian adverbs expressing strong comm...

“ba:y?d” as a persian lexeme is interwoven with modality, a semantic category and therefore has a complicated and thought- provoking semantic nature. this paper uses evidence from persian to investigate the usage of this lexeme and some of its semantic and pragmatic aspects in this language. the results indicate that this lexical category can convey a wide range of modal meanings in different c...

The question of whether the notional category ‘future’ in natural languages is a tense or modality has received a lot of attention in linguistic semantics, and it seems inescapable to conclude that the semantics of future involves a modal component (e.g. see Bertinetto, 1979; Enç 1996, Copley, 2002; Squartini, 2004; Kaufmann 2005; Mari, 2009,2010,to appear, Klecha 2014, Giannakidou 2012, Gianna...

In many languages, the same words are used to express epistemic and root modality. These modals further tend to interact with tense and aspect in systematic ways, based on their interpretation. Is this pattern accidental, or a consequence of grammar or meaning? I address this question by: (i) comparing ‘grammatical’ modals to verbs/adjectives that share meanings with modals, but not the same sc...

This paper explains how we define and represent modality in E-HowNet. Following Lyons (1977, reviewed in Hsieh 2003, among others), we hold that modals express a speaker’s opinion or attitude toward a proposition and hence have a pragmatic dimension and recognize five kinds of modal categories, i.e. epistemic, deontic, ability, volition and expectation modality. We then present a representation...

In this paper, we propose formulations and algorithms for robust portfolio optimization under both aleatory uncertainty (i.e., natural variability) and epistemic uncertainty (i.e., imprecise probabilistic information) arising from interval data. Epistemic uncertainty is represented using two approaches: (1) moment bounding approach and (2) likelihood-based approach. This paper first proposes a ...