Previous studies and meta-analyses of the efficacy of electrical nerve stimulation (ENS) for the treatment of chronic pain of multiple etiologies have produced mixed results. The objective of the present study was to determine whether ENS is an effective treatment for chronic musculoskeletal pain by using statistical techniques that permit accumulation of a sample size with adequate power. Rand...

BACKGROUND & AIMS In the intestines, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) mediates immune responses to pathogens and regulates epithelial barrier function; polymorphisms in TLR2 have been associated with inflammatory bowel disease phenotype. We assessed the effects of TLR2 signaling on the enteric nervous system (ENS) in mice. METHODS TLR2 distribution and function in the ileal neuromuscular layer of ...

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a complex network of neurons and glia within the gut wall which originate from neural crest cells. Self-renewing, multipotential ENS progenitors have been isolated from the gut of foetal as well as adult rodents, however, the identity of the ENS progenitor and the regulation of its neurogenic potential invivo, are currently unknown. Sox10 is an HMG-containing...

one of the big concerns of big cities is facing with the increase of fossil fuel vehicles in the roads. the cars intensify greenhouse gas emission in civic centers. one approach to reduce the emission is replacing the cars by plug-in electric vehicles (pevs). in spite of reducing the emission, pevs have some adverse effect on electric distribution networks. technical challenges such as load and...

Complex circuits involving both local intrinsic neurones (i.e. enteric nervous system; ENS) and extrinsic neurones achieve nervous control of digestive functions. The ENS is comprised of many functionally different types of neurons: sensory neurons, interneurons and secreto-motor neurons. Each neuronal population is required to manifest local reflex behavior and is central to the regulation of ...

In adult number processing two mechanisms are commonly used: approximate estimation of quantity and exact calculation. While the former relies on the approximate number sense (ANS) which we share with animals and preverbal infants, the latter has been proposed to rely on an exact number system (ENS) which develops later in life following the acquisition of symbolic number knowledge. The current...

Background & Aims In several types of cancers, tumor cells invade adjacent tissues by migrating along the resident nerves of the tumor microenvironment. This process, called perineural invasion, typically occurs along extrinsic nerves, with Schwann cells providing physical guidance for the tumor cells. However, in the colorectal cancer microenvironment, the most abundant nervous structures belo...

The need for standard endovascular neurosurgical (ENS) training programs and certification in Korea cannot be overlooked due to the increasing number of ENS specialists and the expanding ENS field. The Society of Korean Endovascular Neurosurgeons (SKEN) Certification Committee has prepared training programs and certification since 2010, and the first certificates were issued in 2013. A task for...

The GDNF (Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor)/Ret/Akt signaling pathway is essential to the development of ENS (enteric nervous system) as well as kidney. We previously showed that the HECT-type E3 ligase NEDL2 (Nedd4-like ligase 2) is required for the ENS development by activating GDNF/Ret/Akt. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here we show that in addition to ENS, NE...

according to variety of accessible hydrological models, evaluateing the efficiency of models for different management objectives are essential. therefore, models with simple structure and using minimal input that can provide an acceptable result can serve as an effective tool to watershed managers. hence, the objective of this research is to evaluate the relative performances of the lumped conc...