Every plant species examined to date harbors endophytic fungi within its asymptomatic aerial tissues, such that endophytes represent a ubiquitous, yet cryptic, component of terrestrial plant communities. Fungal endophytes associated with leaves of woody angiosperms are especially diverse; yet, fundamental aspects of their interactions with hosts are unknown. In contrast to the relatively specie...

Many grasses have mutualistic symbioses with fungi of the family Clavicipitaceae. Tall fescue can harbor the obligate endophyte, Neotyphodium coenophialum that is asexually propagated and transmitted via host seeds. Total RNA was isolated from pseudostems of known endophyte-infected (E+) and endophyte-free (E-) plants and tested in triplicate on the Affymetrix Wheat Genome Array GeneChip and Ba...

Endophytic fungi live inside plants, apparently do not cause any harm to their hosts and may play important roles in defense and growth promotion. Endophytes are microorganism that lives between living plant cell. Their relationship may vary with plant from symbiotic to bordening on pathogenic. Endophytes may contribute to their host plant by producing a plethora of substances that provide prot...

Paraconiothyrium variabile, one of the specific endophytic fungi isolated from the host plant Cephalotaxus harringtonia, possesses the faculty to inhibit the growth of common phytopathogens, thus suggesting a role in its host protection. A strong antagonism between the endophyte P. variabile and Fusarium oxysporum was observed and studied using optic and electronic microscopies. A disorganizati...

This study investigated the biodiversity, phylogeny, and antifungal activity of endophytic fungi isolated from Zanthoxylum bungeanum. A total of 940 isolates obtained were grouped into 93 morphotypes, 43 species, and 23 genera, which were authenticated by molecular identification based on rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis. A high diversity of endophytic fungi from Z. bung...

Molecular genetic techniques to precisely eliminate genes in asexual filamentous fungi require the introduction of a marker gene into the target genome. We developed a novel strategy to eliminate genes or gene clusters located in subterminal regions of chromosomes, and then eliminate the marker gene and vector backbone used in the transformation procedure. Because many toxin gene clusters are s...

Certain species of the Pooideae subfamily develop stress tolerance and herbivory resistance through symbiosis with vertically transmitted, asexual fungi. This symbiosis is specific, and genetic factors modulate the compatibility between partners. Although gene flow is clearly a fitness trait in allogamous grasses, because it injects hybrid vigor and raw material for evolution, it could reduce c...

Oak is the most important forest tree in Kurdistan province (Iran). Fungi are associated with oak trees as parasite, saprophyte and endophyte. The endophytic fungi are known components of biodiversity and have beneficial effects on host plants. During 2012-13 in a survey on endophytic fungi of oak trees in forest regions of Kurdistan province asymptomatic samples were collected from healthy twi...

Both anthropogenic nitrogen deposition and exotic annual grass invasion are occurring in the coastal sage scrub vegetation (CSS) of southern California. A study was carried out to determine the effects of these changes on soil microbial communities. Soils were sampled under exotic grasses and the native shrub Artemisia californica along an urban-to-rural N deposition gradient, and in N-fertiliz...

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is considered to be an important crop that utilized for production of molasses, sugar and ethanol. Thus, identifying microbes associated with this plant will give more insight into plant-microbe interaction. Further, there are limited studies on sugarcane fungal endophytes. Therefore, leaves obtained from approximately 3 month old plants growing in Puducherr...