introduction: in recent years the development of small cities and including through promoting of villages to city as one of the main policies to improve quality of life in rural areas were considered in iran and according this during recent decades a large number of villages have been changed to city. while urbanization in developing countries have been many problems such as lack of housing and...

Much of the increase in female labor force participation in the post-war period has come from the entry of married women with young children. Accompanying this change has been a rise in cultural acceptance of maternal employment. We argue that the concurrent S-shaped rise in maternal participation and its cultural acceptance is well explained by generations of women engaged in Bayesian learning...

Programs to encourage labor market activity among youth, including public employment programs and wage subsidies like the Work Opportunity Tax Credit, can be supported by three broad rationales. They may: (1) provide contemporaneous income support to participants; (2) encourage work experience that improves future employment and/or educational outcomes of participants; and/or (3) keep participa...

BACKGROUND The recent rehabilitation literature does not include a thorough assessment of the employment concerns of people with MS. OBJECTIVE This article presents descriptive findings from a national survey of the employment concerns of Americans with multiple sclerosis (MS; N = 1,924), representing nine chapters of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. METHODS Respondents were asked t...

When patients take an active role in their healthcare, the results may be better, safer care. That is the premise behind the Ontario Hospital Association's (OHA) "Your Health Care--Be Involved" campaign. Launched in September 2005 by the OHA's Patient Safety Support Service, the campaign encourages active two-way communication between patients and providers and highlights the important role of ...

This paper analyzes the e¤ect of federal and state maternity leave policies on female employment. We analyze if the enactment of the federal Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) di¤erentially a¤ected states that previously implemented maternity leave laws at the state level than those states which did not. Additionally, we study whether FMLA caused an increase in the female employment and labor forc...

Mothers of young children often reduce their labor supply to manage household responsibilities. Workplace flexibility is an important determinant of these labor supply decisions that have lasting implications for future labor force participation and earnings. This paper provides new evidence that self-employment is a work option that mothers use to gain flexibility along multiple dimensions whi...