When plants interact with certain pathogens, they protect themselves by generating various defense responses. These defense responses are induced by molecules called elicitors. Since long ago, composts fermented by animal feces have been used as a fertilizer in plant cultivation, and recently, have been known to provide suppression of plant disease. Therefore, we hypothesized that the compounds...

The medial-olivocochlear (MOC) acoustic reflex is thought to provide frequency-specific feedback that adjusts the gain of cochlear amplification, but little is known about how frequency specific the reflex actually is. We measured human MOC tuning through changes in stimulus frequency otoacoustic emissions (SFOAEs) from 40-dB-SPL tones at probe frequencies (f(p)s) near 0.5, 1.0, and 4.0 kHz. MO...

Chitin is a major component of fungal cell walls and serves as a microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) for the detection of various potential pathogens in innate immune systems of both plants and animals. We recently showed that chitin elicitor-binding protein (CEBiP), plasma membrane glycoprotein with LysM motifs, functions as a cell surface receptor for chitin elicitor in rice. The pred...

In the 21st century, increased farming activities have harmed both ecosystems and agricultural systems on Earth. This is because of misuse mineral fertilizers toxic plant protection products. To obtain “elicitor” extract, rhizobacteria were grown in a thermostat for 3 days then subjected to autoclaving at temperature 120°C 1 atm. 20 minutes. Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas are three most...

backgrounds and objectives : ganoderic acids are the most valuable secondary metabolites in ganoderma lucidum traditional medicinal mushrooms, which have shown antitumor properties in many studies. however, application of ganoderic acids is limited due to low yield production. recently, it was shown that static liquid culture could be a proven technology for producing ganoderic acids in ganoder...

background: there is a growing demand for mass production of shikalkin (a natural pigment consisted of shikonin and alkannin) due to its increasing applications in cosmetics, pharmaceutical and nutrition industries. the root of iranian arnebia euchroma produces shikalkin. the promising capability of this plant for shikalkin production has already been demonstrated in cell culture studies. objec...

Cyclic AMP, Radioimmunoassay, Phytoalexins, Glycine max, Phytophthora megasperma cAMP levels were monitored in soybean (Glycine max) infected with race 1 of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea and in soybean cell suspension cultures treated with a glucan elicitor from P. megasperma. While cAMP could be readily detected in soybean hypocotyls using a radio­ immunoassay, no correlation was obs...

The glycopeptide elicitor from a pea pathogen, ll(),cosphaereaa pinodes, induced rapid alkalinization and increases in Ievels of Na' ftnd K' ions in the extracellu]ar solution upon contact with pea and cowpea tissues. The presence of monensin, nigericin, lidocaine, quinidine or phenytoin together with the elicitor markedly inhibited these changes, whereas the presence of valinomycin, gramicidin...

Plants have an excellent mechanism for responding to pathogen invasion by specific and inducible defense reactions, which is often apparent as the so-called hypersensitive reaction (HR). The molecular dissection of the mechanism of HR is difficult since the biological system involves intricate interactions between plant and pathogen. A simplified system, in which suspension cultured plant cells...