We assess the prospects for attaining steady nuclear flow equilibrium in expanding r-process environments where beta decay and/or neutrino capture determine the nuclear charge-changing rates. For very rapid expansions, we find that weak steady flow equilibrium normally cannot be attained. However, even when neutron capture processes freeze out in such nonequilibrium conditions, abundance ratios...

The constrained Hamiltonian formalism is recommended as a means for getting a grip on the concepts of gauge and gauge transformation. This formalism makes it clear how the gauge concept is relevant to understanding Newtonian and classical relativistic theories as well as the theories of elementary particle physics; it provides an explication of the vague notions of “local” and “global” gauge tr...

We develop theory leading to an ability to catalog types of elementary particles. The resulting catalog provides for known interaction-mediating bosons, non-traditional interactioncarrying bosons, and fermions. Ratios of theoretical numbers of analogs of various types of particles match observed ratios of densities for baryonic matter, dark matter, and dark energy.

For example, if for some input x of length len(x) = n, an algorithm requires 2 computational steps, then for an input of a reasonable length n ≈ 300, we would need 2 computational steps. Even if we use a hypothetical computer for which each step takes the smallest physically possible time (the time during which light passes through the smallest known elementary particle), we would still need mo...

Uncovering the origin of flavor mixing and CP violation is one of the main goals in elementary particle physics today. As part of this program, the constraining of the CKM unitarity triangle through the redundant measurement of its angles and sides plays a central rôle. The aim of the present summary is to review the state of the art regarding the measurement of the sides |Vub| and |Vcb|, as it...

The dynamics of the universe may be dominated by novel weakly interacting elementary particles, by baryons in an invisible form, by black holes, and globally by vacuum energy. The main arguments for and against such hypotheses are reviewed.

In this article we have summarized the status of the system SANC version 0.41. We have implemented theoretical predictions for many high energy interactions of fundamental particles at the one-loop precision level for up to 4-particle processes. In the present part of our SANC description we place emphasis on an extensive discussion of an important first step of calculations of the one-loop amp...

In the context of the fact that the existence of dark energy causing the accelerated expansion of the universe has been confirmed by the WMAP and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, we reexamine gravitation itself, starting with the formulation of Sakharov and show that it is possible to obtain gravitation in terms of the electromagnetic charge of elementary particles, once the ZPF and its effects at...