Sargent plot, summarizes part of one of the pioneers experiments on nuclear beta decay. Here it is proposed to be used as a motivation, to teach undergraduate students some basic features of the weak interactions. This is done by considering only elementary aspects of special relativity and quantum theories. 1 – Introduction It has been elapsed a time interval of eighty years, since B. W. Sarge...

There exist consistent low energy effective field theories describing gravity in the Higgs phase that allow the coexistence of massive gravitons and the conventional 1/r potential of gravity. In an effort to constrain the value of the graviton mass in these theories, we study the tensor contribution to the CMB temperature anisotropy and polarization spectra in the presence of a non-vanishing gr...

A central problem in the physics of elementary particles concerns the establishment of their quantum numbers. Recent developments in the theoretical classification of particles states have added impetus to this ac­ tivity as a means of making meaningful confrontation between theoretical proposals and experiment. In this review we confine our attention to the in­ ternal quantum numbers of spin a...

The energization of ions, due to interaction with electromagnetic turbulence (i.e. wave-particle interactions), has an important influence on H and O ions outflows in the polar region. The effects of altitude and velocity dependent wave-particle interaction on H and O ions outflows in the auroral region were investigated by using Monte Carlo method. The Monte Carlo simulation included the effec...

Gauge theories are theories that are invariant under a characteristic group of “gauge” transformations. General relativity is invariant under transformations of the diffeomorphism group. This has prompted many philosophers and physicists to treat general relativity as a gauge theory, and diffeomorphisms as gauge transformations. I argue that this approach is misguided. The theories of three of ...

The Standard Model in particle physics describes the forces, components and reactions of the basic particles that make up matter. Also it predicts that there is an elementary particle, the Higgs boson, which would produce the effect of mass. In this paper we have first focused some important milestones of physical laws extending to standard model. We have then considered some particulars of Hig...

During the past fifty years, our concept of an elementary particle has undergone a fundamental change. Today we understand hadrons as bound states of quarks, and thus as composite. In strong interaction physics, quarks have become the smallest building blocks of nature. But the binding force between quarks confines them to their hadron, which cannot be split into its quark constituents. In term...

After a very brief review of twentieth century elementary particle physics, prospects for the next century are discussed. First and most important are technological limits of opportunities; next, the future experimental program, and finally the status of the theory, in particular its limitations as well as its opportunities. Invited talk given at the International Conference on Fundamental Scie...

The theory of elementary particles permitting to explain their constitution, sizes, bond energy, possible channels of decay, spectrum of weights and other properties is offered.

Gauge symmetries: These are local symmetries that act differently at each space-time point x = (t,x) . They create particularly stringent constraints on the structure of a theory. For example, gauge symmetry automatically determines the interaction between particles by introducing bosons that mediate the interaction. All current models of elementary particles incorporate gauge symmetry. (Detail...