background: intrauterine device (iud) is an effective and long term method of contraception that can be used without continued effort by the user to prevent pregnancy perfectly. pain during iud insertion is one of the obstacles to properly using the device. thus, using different methods of analgesia and anesthesia to alleviate this pain has been studied by many researchers. this review article ...

A major advantage of broadband carriers is that they enhance the robustness of communications channels to interference from narrowband disturbance. This technology is the basis, for example, of spread-spectrum communication methods such as the code division multiple access protocol, which combines highbandwidth digital information with a pseudorandom digital code. The result is a hard-to-interf...

The advent of spintronics has resulted in the study and design of spin manipulated devices used as information processors, quantum computing elements, spinpolarized diodes, spin-valve read heads, and electrooptical modulators, to name just a few. The spin-orbit (SO) interaction, due to spatial asymmetry in zincblende lattices or sample design, doping profile or applied gate voltages, plays a fu...