PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to use a novel method to quantify the traction applied to the retina during vitrectomy. METHODS Five 20-gauge electric cutters were used. Fresh porcine eyes were positioned in a specially developed holder and transfixed to the retinal layers with a microwire, and the other end was fixed to the load cell of a strain gauge. The cutter to be assessed was int...

In electric vehicles that use in-wheel motors, the right and left traction forces become unbalanced if a motor malfunctions by motor lock or loss of traction, generating yaw moment. Control methods were designed to reduce this effect by stopping the motor output on the opposite side of the same axle. By using a prototype “Eliica” car, the maximum yaw rate and lateral acceleration were compared ...

The effectiveness of the electric braking system largely depends on how is carried out, whether characteristics that it forms are acceptable for a given vehicle, simple and reliable technical solutions embedded in are, where energy used. With braking, possible not only to extinguish electrical resistor, but also send back storage device again use traction mode. This paper analyzes most common m...

For Electric Vehicles (EVs), Weight and losses reduction are important factors not only in reducing the energy consumption and cost but also in increasing autonomy. This paper describes the application of an evolutionary algorithm for multiobjective optimization in the traction chain (TC) of pure EV. In this study, the optimisation algorithm is based on the Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorith...

The complexity in design and dimensioning of electric traction fixed installations necessitates the development of a methodology for dimensioning based on numerical simulation models. This solution gives faster and more reliable results than those obtained by the empirical and inaccurate methods previously used. A computer aided design tool implementing this methodology is presented in this pap...

This paper presents the traction motor sizing for optimal urban fuel economy in two mild and three strong hybridization propulsion on front-wheel-drive vehicles. The traction motor sizes, by means of motor rated torque and speed, are optimized for maximum urban fuel economy. The two mild hybrids are Belt-Integrated-Starter-Generator (BISG) and Crankshaft-Integrated-Starter-Generator (C-ISG) sys...

The development of electromobility involves the electric cars charging infrastructure. increase number chargers poses new demands for AC power grid, especially in regard to its capacity delivering high peak power. As an alternative public urban electrified transportation systems (trams, trolleybuses, and metro) can be used supplying chargers. article discusses four options integrating with a tr...