In this issue, Moliadze and colleagues investigate the role of electrode montage in the induction of acute lasting excitability changes by transcranial Direction Current Stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS); specifically they demonstrate that during weak transcranial electrical stimulation, the position of the ‘‘return” electrode affects neuro-modulation under the...

Visualizing molecular structures in the course of a reaction process is one of the major grand challenges in chemistry, biology and physics. In particular, most chemical and biologically relevant reactions occur in solution, and solution-phase reactions exhibit rich chemistry due to the solute-solvent interplay. Studying photo-induced reactions in the solution phase offers opportunities for und...

Considering Rao et al. (2004) and Di Crescenzo and Longobardi (2009) studies, Misagh et al. (2011) proposed a weighted information which is based on the cumulative entropy called Weighted Cumulative Entropy (WCE). The above-mentioned model is a Shiftdependent Uncertainty Measure. In this paper, we examine some of the properties of WCE and obtain some bounds for that. In order to ...

All of the post-embryonic, above-ground structures of seed plants are generated from the shoot apical meristem (SAM), which acts as a reservoir of stem cells. Members of the flax genus (Linum spp.) have been used historically as models for the study of SAMs (Esau, 1942). Cultivated flax (Linum usitatissimum) is grown in more than 50 countries for its seeds or its stem phloem (bast) fibers (Rubi...

Many endogenous and exogenous factors can affect the physiological, mental and behavioral states in humans. In order to identify such states, monitoring tools need to use biological indicators, or biomarkers, able to identify biological events and predict outcomes. These biomarkers can be divided into two categories. The first category contains what we could call the “structural” biomarkers tha...