This paper surveys the instrumentation, calibration procedures, measurement techniques, and standards which can be used to characterize extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields. While the focus of the paper is on power frequency and power frequency harmonic fields, the measurement methods discussed are appropriate in principle for other ELF frequencies.

The amplitude and the transient time constant of the acoustoelectric voltage is measured as a function of temperature to determine the activation energy of deep levels in AI,Ga, -.As/GaAs grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. In comparison to other methods based on monitoring the capacitance transient, this method has several advantages. The technique is nondestructive, and because of the dependence...

Use of electric vehicles (EVs) has been viewed by many as a way to significantly reduce US oil dependence, operate vehicles more efficiently, and reduce carbon emissions. Due to the potential benefits of EVs, the federal and local governments have allocated considerable funding and taken a number of legislative and regulatory steps to promote EV deployment and adoption. With this momentum, it i...

In this paper, we have demonstrated successfully a new approach for evaluating the hot-carrier reliability in submicron LDD MOSFET with various drain engineering. It was developed based on an efficient charge pumping measurement technique along with a new criterion. This new criterion is based on an understanding of the interface state (Nit) distribution, instead of substrate current or impact ...

DC electric potential technique has been used to monitor crack growth in conductive materials. A constant DC current is passed through these materials and the crack length is measured through the changes in the electrical voltage at the crack mouth. However, this method is not applicable in crack growth measurement in nonconductive materials or adhesively bonded joints. For these materials, a n...

Breaking electric contact has been made for closing the circuits, respectively for taking over the temporary current conduction or for the long time conduction also for re-opening the closed electric circuit, putting out the current in this way. Although the contacts are the small parts of equipment volume in which they were mounted, there are complex exigencies and obviously different from cas...

We study magnetic state and electron transport properties of composite multiferroic system consisting of a granular ferromagnetic thin film placed above the ferroelectric substrate. Ferroelectricity and magnetism in this case are coupled by the long-range Coulomb interaction. We show that magnetic state and magneto-transport strongly depend on temperature, external electric field and electric p...