Observations of the Caspian Sea during August-September 1995 are used to develop a three-dimensional numerical model to be used in calculating temperature and current. The model has variable grid resolution and horizontal smoothing that filters out small scale vertical motion. Data from the meteorological buoy network on the Caspian Sea are combined with routine observations at first-order syno...

Observations of the Caspian Sea during August-September 1995 are used to develop a three-dimensional numerical model to be used in calculating temperature and current. The model has variable grid resolution and horizontal smoothing that filters out small scale vertical motion. Data from the meteorological buoy network on the Caspian Sea are combined with routine observations at first-order syno...

The Humboldt coastal upwelling system in the eastern South Pacific ocean is one of the most productive marine ecosystems in the world. A weakening of the upwelling activity could lead to severe ecological impacts. As coastal upwelling in eastern boundary systems is mainly driven by wind stress, most studies so far have analysed wind patterns change through the 20th and 21st Centuries in order t...

Abstract. Bottom pressure observations on both sides of the Atlantic basin, combined with satellite measurements sea level anomalies and wind stress data, are utilized to estimate variations Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) at 11∘ S. Over period 2013–2018, AMOC its components dominated by seasonal variability, peak-to-peak amplitudes 12 Sv for upper-ocean geostrophic transport, 7 Ekman...

Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) is formed by deep convection in winter on the equatorward side of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Observations south of Australia show that the SAMW temperature (T) and salinity (S) vary significantly from year to year. The magnitude and density-compensating nature of the temperature and salinity changes cannot be explained by variations in air–sea exchange of ...

Seasonal variations of upper-ocean mass transport between the Pacific and Indian Oceans via the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) are examined using numerical experiments with a 11⁄2-layer, reduced-gravity model forced with specific climatological winds. The model ITF transport, computed as a sum of through-strait transport, has an annual range of more than 8 Sv (an annual harmonic of amplitude 4.2 ...

Recent satellite observations reveal far-reaching effects of the Hawaiian Islands on surface wind, cloud, ocean current, and sea surface temperature (SST) that extend leeward over an unusually long distance (.1000 km). A three-dimensional regional atmospheric model with full physics is used to investigate the cause of this long wake. While previous wind–wake studies tend to focus on regions nea...

A frictional geostrophic model is used to examine how the stability of the thermo haline circulation is a ected by idealized topographic variations and the presence or absence of wind stress If the ow exhibits collapses we consider how topography and wind stress a ect the ensuing oscillations Large scale slope up towards the north or the west can signi cantly destabilize the circulation by modi...