A method for calibrating the force gradients and probe magnetic moment in phase-contrast magnetic force microscopy ~MFM! is introduced. It is based upon the combined electrostatic force microscopy EFM and MFM images of a conducting non magnetic metal strip. The behavior of the phase contrast in EFM is analyzed and modeled as a finite area capacitor. This model is used in conjunction with the im...

We present theoretical and experimental studies of the effect of the density of states of a quantum dot (QD) on the rate of single-electron tunneling that can be directly measured by electrostatic force microscopy (e-EFM) experiments. In e-EFM, the motion of a biased atomic force microscope cantilever tip modulates the charge state of a QD in the Coulomb blockade regime. The charge dynamics of ...

Hydrogels, electrospun fiber mats (EFMs), and their composites have been extensively studied for tissue engineering because of their physical and chemical similarity to native biological systems. However, while chemically similar, hydrogels and electrospun fiber mats display very different topographical features. Here, we examine the influence of surface topography and composition of hydrogels,...

It is a major challenge to elevate the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT of materials through enhancing their power factor (PF) and reducing the thermal conductivity at the same time. Experience has shown that engineering of the electronic density of states (eDOS) and the energy filtering mechanism (EFM) are two different effective approaches to improve the PF. However, the successful combinati...

An alternative epifluorescence microscopy (EFM) technique for virus enumeration has been developed using polycarbonate Track Etch (PCTE) filter membranes in place of aluminum oxide Anodisc membranes. The established EFM technique, first developed by Hennes and Suttle in 1995 and later expanded upon by Noble and Fuhrman in 1998, uses supported 20 nm pore-size Anodisc filter membranes to determin...

For reliability testing an Energy Expansion Tree (EET) and a companion Energy Function Model (EFM) are proposed and described in this paper. Different from conventional approaches, the EET provides a more comprehensive and objective way to systematically identify external energy factors affecting reliability. The EFM introduces energy loss into a traditional Function Model to identify internal ...

The concepts of robust classification and intelligently controlling the search process of genetic algorithm (GA) are introduced and integrated with a conventional genetic classifier for development of a new version of it, which is called Intelligent and Robust GA-classifier (IRGA-classifier). It can efficiently approximate the decision hyperplanes in the feature space. It is shown experime...

Intrapartum electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) is widely used throughout the developed and developing world. This practice is based on the understanding that fetal heart rate (FHR) is sensitive to hypoxia. During labour, the fetus may be exposed to acute hypoxia during uterine contractions or intrapartum insults, and has well-established cardiovascular compensatory defence mechanisms, which idea...

Electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) is widely used in intrapartum care as the standard method for well-being. Our objective was to employ machine learning algorithms predict acidemia by analyzing specific features extracted from heart signal within a 30 min window, with focus on last deceleration occurring closest delivery. To achieve this, we conducted case–control study involving 502 infants bo...