in this work, a green, simple and highly efficient procedure for the synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes is described. the condensation of indoles with carbonyl compounds catalyzed by citric acid in water affords bis(indolyl)methanes in high yields and relatively short reaction times. the advantages of this method are using of water as a low cost solvent and efficient recyclability of the catalyst.

Use of bottled water for drinking and cooking purposes is common in many communities, particulary in places where there is no water of good quality. This type of water supply is an appropriate alternative in prevention of much investment in full- scaled water treatment and duall water distribution system. In Iran, where water is considered as a serious challenge, use of bottled water can be con...

Capacity planning is a critical task in network management. It identifies how much capacity is needed to match future traffic demand. It directly affects customer satisfaction and revenues. In this work we present a network usage analysis tool called Dynamic Netvalue Analyzer (DNA), which helps alleviate a big problem that network engineers and marketing executives face– making optimal resource...

Abstract California has a highly developed agriculture system, but it faces many challenges associated with water supply and quality. This research examines the relationship between agricultural use quality at multiple scales, including comparison of southern northern California, analysis seven regions, four counties within Central Valley, which accounts for more than 70% in state. Statistical ...

this research was conducted at the shahrood agricultural research center in 1382 and 1383 to study the effect of alternate furrow irrigation on potato yield and its economic evaluation. the experimental design was a randomize complete block design and the treatments were: every furrow irrigation (efi), fixed alternate furrow irrigation (fafi), variable alternate furrow irrigation (vafi), fixed ...

The usage of reclaimed water can efficiently mitigate water crises, but it may cause groundwater pollution. To clearly understand the potential influences of long-term reclaimed water usage, a total of 91 samples of shallow and deep groundwater were collected from a typical reclaimed water use area during the dry and rainy seasons. The results suggest both shallow and deep groundwater are mainl...

The sandy barrier islands of Cape Hatteras National Seashore, USA, attract large seasonal influxes of tourists, and are host to numerous motels, rentals and second homes. To investigate the impacts of nearby urbanization on public trust waters, sampling was conducted in nine brackish water bodies within this coastal national park. A large tidal urban ditch delivered runoff-driven fecal-contamin...

Water is a vital but poorly studied component of livestock production. It is estimated that livestock industries consume 8% of the global water supply, with most of that water being used for intensive, feed-based production. This study takes a broad perspective of livestock production as a component of the human food chain, and considers the efficiency of its water use. Global models are in the...