The efficient management of a distribution system requires coordination between transportation planning and inventory control. Small and frequent shipments can reduce inventory levels while maintaining high customer service levels, but they increase unit transportation costs due to inappropriate utilization of the vehicles and more handling costs. On the other hand shipment consolidation polici...

We consider the classic continuous-review N stage serial inventory system with a homogeneous Poisson demand arrival process at the most downstream stage (Stage 1). Any shipment to each stage, regardless of its size, incurs a positive fixed setup cost and takes a positive constant lead time. The optimal policy for this system under the long-run average cost criterion is unknown. Finding a good w...

This paper studies a periodic-review, serial inventory system in which echelon r nQ T policies are implemented. Under such a policy, each stage reviews its inventory in every T period and orders according to an echelon r nQ policy. Two types of fixed costs are considered: one is associated with each order batch Q, and the other is incurred for each inventory review. The objective is to find the...

In this paper, a supplier-retailer transportation system is investigated as a two-echelon environment. There is a single location in each echelon; the unique supplier at the first echelon has to replenish the retailer's warehouse at the second echelon. By the way, the shortage situation should be avoided. For this situation, a model is provided based on the traditional EOQ model. The inventory ...

We consider a two-echelon single commodity inventory system with one warehouse(supplier) at the higher echelon and one retailer at the lower echelon. The retailer stocks individual items of a commodity and satisfies unit demands which occur according to a Poisson process. The supplier stocks these items in packets and uses these packetsto: (i) satisfy the demands that occur for single packet an...

(1) A system of linear equations can be stored using an augmented matrix. The part of the matrix that does not involve the constant terms is termed the coefficient matrix. (2) Variables correspond to columns and equations correspond to rows in the coefficient matrix. The augmented matrix has an extra column corresponding to the constant terms. (3) In the paradigm where the system of linear equa...

We study the structural instability mechanism and effect of a multi-echelon support in very-deep roadways. We conduct a scale model test for analysing the structural failure mechanism and the effect of multi-echelon support of roadways under high horizontal stress. Mechanical bearing structures are classified according to their secondary stress distribution and the strength degradation of the s...

introduction: lymphoscintigraphy is imaging of the lymphatic system and has been integrated into the sentinel node mapping procedures. lymphoscintigraphy usually encompasses early or delayed static images. however, immediate dynamic imaging of the lymphatic basins and tumors has also been used as an adjunct lymphoscintigraphy imaging. the aim of this study was to assess the role of early dynami...