Neuromodulation, thanks to intrinsic and extrinsic brain feedback loops, seems to be the best way to exploit brain plasticity for therapeutic purposes. In the past years, there has been tremendous advances in the field of non-pharmacological modulation of brain activity. This review of different neurostimulation techniques will focus on sites and mechanisms of both transcutaneous vagus and trig...

The head related impulse response (HRIR) characterizes the auditory cues created by scattering of sound off a person's anatomy. The experimentally measured HRIR depends on several factors such as reflections from body parts (torso, shoulder, and knees), head diffraction, and reflection/ diffraction effects due to the pinna. Structural models (Algazi et al., 2002; Brown and Duda, 1998) seek to e...

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty patients underwent surgical treatment for malignant tumors of the external auditory canal and the middle ear. There were 16 males and four females, with a mean age of 66 years (range 37 to 79 years). Eight patients had primary, 12 patients had secondary temporal bone tumors. Primary tumors involved the middle ear or the ear canal, while secondary tumors originated f...

The present work was design to study the anatomical features and radiographic appearance of auricle and external acoustic meatus of cattle and buffalo, collected from (12) sample of heads were used in this study, there were equally divided into three groups: first group to study the shape, position and relation of cartilage, muscles and ligament of auricle in both animals, second group to study...

BACKGROUND Dermoid cysts of the auricular area are extremely rare. We report on six cases of auricular dermoid and epidermoid cyst, and differentiate dermoid cyst from epidermal cyst along with a review of the literature. METHODS Three cases involved a gradually enlarging mass of the superior and anterior aspect of the helix of their ear. Another two cases were located in the posterior aspect...

Carcinoma of the middle ear and mastoid is a rare condition. The proportion of this disease to all other pathological conditions of the ear has been reported by Towson and Shofstall' as 1: 5 000 to 1: 7 000; by Mattick and Mattick' as 1: 7 000; by Furstenberg' as 1: 20 000; and by Schall' as 1: 6 000. This report documents my personal experience of 5 cases occurring in South African Bantu. Thes...

BACKGROUND A cartilage wedge block and covering flap are standard procedures for firm elevation of the ear in microtia correction. However, using costal cartilage for elevation of the reconstructed auricle can be insufficient, and the fixed cartilage wedge block may be absorbed or may slip out. Furthermore, elevating covering flaps is time-consuming and uses up fascia, a potential source of rec...

IMPORTANCE For optimal aesthetic construction of the auricle in patients with severe microtia, it is important to construct an exquisite framework and place it in the correct natural position. In addition to its accurate vertical and sagittal positioning, normal elevation is of utmost importance because this determines the auricular width from the common anterior view in interpersonal communica...