As COVID-19 spread worldwide, armed groups in control of territory were called to address the health emergency. However, our knowledge this regard is limited. Specifically, it remains poorly understood why different responded crisis differently. Recognizing lacuna, paper aims illuminate responses that throughout Middle East implemented order and explain pandemic as they did. After studying thre...

Abstract Since the 2005 Jyllands-Posten controversy, both far right and Islamist actors have employed Muhammed cartoons to construct a radical frontier between Muslims non-Muslims. This article aims provide better understanding of linkages two opposing forms popular identification by looking at utilization crystallize multitude (conflicting) subjects, affects, demands. Following vantage point m...

athir al-din al-abhari has a treatise bibliographies have called “thamani ‘ashra mas’ala fi al-kalam” (i.e., 18 problems in theology) or “al-mas’il” (i.e. the problems), but our findings show that its real name is “tahrir al-dalail fi taqrir al-masa’il” (i.e. the introduction of arguments for the establishment of the problems). the treatise, which is presumably his only writing in kalam, contai...