The insulin like growth factors (IGFs) first appeared early in phylogeny about 600 million years ago and have increased in number through gene duplication. In mammals IGFs express in all tissues and are found in many biological fluids. IGF-1 has an important role during central nervous system (CNS) development. IGF-1 promotes differentiation, proliferation and prevents apoptosis of neuronal and...

This paper shows that the unequal incidence of recessions in labor market amplifies aggregate shocks. Using administrative data from United States, I document a positive covariance between workers' marginal propensities to consume (MPCs) and their elasticities earnings GDP, which is key moment for new class heterogeneous-agent models. define matching multiplier as increase stemming this high MP...

We study structural change in the historical consumption expenditure of United States, Kingdom, Canada, and Australia over more than a century. characterize most general class preferences time-additive setting that admits aggregation saving decision allows us to identify preference parameters from aggregate data. parameterize estimate such intertemporally aggregable (IA) discuss their propertie...

We document heterogeneity in the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) across household characteristics relevant understanding heterogeneous agent models and monetary policy transmission. find a strong negative relationship between liquid wealth MPC. show that predicts MPC closely for every other characteristic we look at. use new empirical method overcomes sources of bias found existing literat...

Analyzing account-level data from an account aggregator, we find that households increase consumption when they receive expected tax refunds, as if face liquidity constraints. However, these same smooth making payments in other years, primarily by transferring funds among liquid accounts. Even carrying credit card debt payments, and even highly spend out of refunds. This behavior is inconsisten...

Low liquidity and a high marginal propensity to consume are tightly linked. This paper analyzes this link in the context of income tax withholding refunds. A theory rational cash management with uncertainty endogenizes relationship between illiquidity consume, can explain finding that households tend spend refunds as if they valued liquidity, yet do not act increase by reducing their withholdin...

This paper studies how the impact of monetary policy depends on distribution savings from refinancing mortgages. We show that efficacy is state dependent, varying in a systematic way with pool potential refinancing. construct quantitative dynamic life-cycle model accounts for our findings and use it to study response consumption change mortgage rates These effects are strongly dependent. also l...

Detailed information about the mechanical properties of components in power plant was crucial process design. One essential piece characteristics material at various temperatures a tension load. In this study, tensile test applied to Alloy 800H with ranging from 24oC 900oC constant deformation rate 10-4/s. promising candidate for plants due its high corrosion resistance high-temperature environ...

In a field experiment that constructs randomized credit limit shock, participants borrow to spend 11 cents on the dollar in first quarter and 28 by third year. Effects extend those far from limit, who had new limits as available credit, with liquid asset buffer. short-run, flexible installment contracts are used tandem, unconstrained using installments more. Long-run borrowing is predominantly ...