BACKGROUND Since diseases and surgeries could be very painful, the annihilation of pain has been the most important goal of physicians. The history of Iranian-Islamic medicine includes distinguished physicians that attempted to find different methods of anesthesia. This research aims at reviewing approaches for anesthesia throughout the history of the Iranian-Islamic medicine, in order to ident...

ibn-khaldun,s social change theory has been often classified as cyclic theoty of social changes that has three stages includes in generation, growth and progress and ultimately regressive and decadence. but, what is inferred by rethink in text of ibn-khaldun,s moghaddame, are two different courses,as interrelated to each other, “civilizational evolution” and “cyclic changes of state.avoiding ma...

knowledge of surgery is one of the milestones in islamic civilization. the purpose of this study was to find principles and proven techniques used by muslim surgeons, third to twelfth century ah. the present study, enjoying a historical approach, used a descriptive analysis method with matching samples. the findings of the study revealed that, during this period, some of the principles and tech...

futuwwha was one the influential factors in the moral, political and social life of iranian and islamic civilization and culture.the examination of the origins and roots of this important phenomenon helps us to know it better.there have been doubtlessly several factors,such as certain teachings of islam and some of the historical, social and moral circumstances, in its development,but consideri...

with the advent of islam in iran, many aspects of iranian culture and civilization were changed. one of these areas was the realm of food and customs which finds its final form from second century to seventh century a.d. it was simultaneous with the consolidation of islam dominance in iran during the abbasid caliphate. these changes were injected into iranian society by different pathways. one ...