the objective of this research was to determine the best model and compare performances in terms of producing landuse maps from six supervised classification algorithms. as a result, different algorithms such as the minimum distance ofmean (mdm), mahalanobis distance (md), maximum likelihood (ml), artificial neural network (ann), spectral anglemapper (sam), and support vector machine (svm) were...

Seasonally dry ecosystems present a challenge to plants to maintain water relations. While native vegetation in seasonally dry ecosystems have evolved specific adaptations to the long dry season, there are risks to introduced exotic species. African mahogany, Khaya senegalensis Desr. (A. Juss.), is an exotic plantation species that has been introduced widely in Asia and northern Australia, but ...

Environmental stresses not only influence production of plant metabolites but could also modify their resorption during leaf senescence. The production-resorption dynamics of polyphenolic tannins, a class of defense compound whose ecological role extends beyond tissue senescence, could amplify the influence of climate on ecosystem processes. We studied the quantity, chemical composition, and ti...

We inferred climate drivers of 20th-century years with regionally synchronous forest fires in the U.S. northern Rockies. We derived annual fire extent from an existing fire atlas that includes 5038 fire polygons recorded from 12,070,086 ha, or 71% of the forested land in Idaho and Montana west of the Continental Divide. The 11 regional-fire years, those exceeding the 90th percentile in annual f...

as a covering method of buildings` roof, domed roofs have mostly been applied in iranian vernacular architecture and also in the middle east region according to adobe material abundance comparing with timber. furthermore, dome remains in the first place in architectural designs due to large area coverage and favorable thermal performance; so that it has been widely utilized in mosques, shrines,...

Sustainable architecture is known as an important strategy in recent years and all around the world are cooperating to achieve this by use of natural elements. There are many examples of residential buildings in Iran s past and its traditional architecture that the architecture in the interim of paying attention to aesthetic issues and preserving the natural environment acts in a way that meets...

Our objective was to infer the climate drivers of regionally synchronous fire years in dry forests of the U.S. northern Rockies in Idaho and western Montana. During our analysis period (1650-1900), we reconstructed fires from 9245 fire scars on 576 trees (mostly ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson) at 21 sites and compared them to existing tree-ring reconstructions of climate (temper...

A compilation of 1884 modern pollen surface samples was analyzed to explore the relationships between spatial distributions of pollen percentage data vs. climate and vegetation in western North America. Modern pollen spectra capture many of the unique traits of regional vegetation patterns and reflect regional patterns of climate diversity. Large-scale vegetation differences were identifiable b...

The impact of land use change on regional climate can be substantial but also is variable in space and time. Past observational and modeling work suggests that in a ‘Mediterranean’ climate such as in California’s Central Valley, the impact of irrigated agriculture can be large in the dry season but negligible in the wet season due to seasonal variation in surface energy partitioning. Here we re...