in this study, sio2 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via sol-gel precipitation method and the effects of different parameters such as temperature, ethanol, ammonia and tetraethylorthosilicate (teos) contents based on water were investigated in a systematic way applying taguchi experimental design method. it was found that, among all the investigated parameters, ethanol as a co-solven...

By analyzing aircraft measurements of individual drop sizes in clouds, it has been shown in a companion paper that the probability of finding a drop of radius r at a linear scale l decreases as l, where 0 D(r) 1. This paper shows striking examples of the spatial distribution of large cloud drops using models that simulate the observed power laws. In contrast to currently used models that assume...

The proposed model views drop coalescence in a turbulent flow field as a two-step process consisting of formation of a doublet due to drop collisions followed by coalescence of the individual droplets in a doublet due to the drainage of the intervening film of continuous phase under the action of colloidal (van der Waals and electrostatic) and random turbulent forces. The turbulent flow field w...

By analyzing aircraft measurements of individual drop sizes in clouds, we have shown in a companion paper (Knyazikhin et al., 2004) that the probability of finding a drop of radius r at a linear scale 1 decreases as ID(’’ where 0 <D(r) 5 1. This paper shows striking examples of the spatial distribution of large cloud drops using models that simulate the observed power laws. In contrast to curre...

Satellite remote sensing of rain is important for quantifying the hydrological cycle, atmospheric energy budget, and cloud and precipitation processes; however, radar retrievals of rain rate are sensitive to assumptions about the raindrop size distribution. The upcoming EarthCARE satellite will feature a 94 GHz Doppler radar alongside lidar and radiometer instruments, presenting opportunities f...

-Drop properties during and after secondary breakup in the bag, multimode and shear breakup regimes were observed for shock-wave-initiated disturbances in air at normal temperature and pressure. Test liquids included water, n-heptane, ethyl alcohol and glycerol mixtures to yield Weber numbers of 15--600, Ohnesorge numbers of 0.0025-0.039, liquid/gas density ratios of 579-985 and Reynolds number...

We derive generating functions for a variety of distributions of joint permutation statistics all of which involve a bound on the maximum drop size of a permutation π, i.e., max{i−π(i)}. Our main result treats the case for the joint distribution of the number of inversions, the number of descents and the maximum drop size of permutations on [n] = {1, 2, . . . , n}. A special case of this (ignor...