The fig tree, Ficus curtipes, hosts an obligate pollinating wasp, an undescribed Eupristina sp., but can also be pollinated by two inquiline (living in the burrow, nest, gall, or other habitation of another animal) wasps, Diaziella yangi and an undescribed Lipothymus sp. The two inquilines are unable to independently induce galls and depend on the galls induced by the obligate pollinator for re...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pollinator specificity facilitates reproductive isolation among plants, and mechanisms that generate specificity influence species boundaries. Long-range volatile attractants, in combination with morphological co-adaptations, are generally regarded as being responsible for maintaining extreme host specificity among the fig wasps that pollinate fig trees, but increasing evide...

In the tropical African region the entire drosophilid genus Lissoceplzala and Drosophila $mu species group have evolved a close association with endemic figs (Ficus spp., Moraceae). We previously described the biology of a few of these figdependent drosophilids (Lachaise, 1977). We report here on a further investigation in evergreen rainforests, mainly in western Africa, that has yielded inform...

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1. Facilitation, where one species helps another without cost or benefit to itself, is recorded from diverse plant-insect interactions, including pollination and herbivory. We investigated the significance of facilitation resulting from the behaviour of pollinator fig wasps inside figs shared with other species. Fig wasp females emerge from natal figs via exit holes dug by pollinator and some o...

Sanitization using chemical agents to reduce the microbiological load on surface of agricultural products have drawback leaving residues. Conversely, physical treatments, such as ultraviolet radiation C (UV-C), are residue-free, non-toxic and environmentally friendly. Ripe figs perishable, exhibiting an epidermis with low resistance mechanical treatment, high water content ostiole, which is ope...

In the original publication of article, figure captions Figs. 1 and 2 have been published with an error.

We describe the current situation concerning methods to search for relic neutrinos from the Big Bang and from all past supernovae (SNs). The most promising method for Big Bang neutrinos is by the interaction of ultra-high-energy (UHE) neutrinos. For supernova neutrinos, both Super Kamiokandeand ICARUS-type detectors will be important to study both *e and e fluxes. We also discuss a dedicated su...