BACKGROUND The application of surface complexation models (SCMs) to natural sediments and soils is hindered by a lack of consistent models and data for large suites of metals and minerals of interest. Furthermore, the surface complexation approach has mostly been developed and tested for single solid systems. Few studies have extended the SCM approach to systems containing multiple solids. RE...

The discoid lateral meniscus (DLM) was first described by Young in 1889 in a dissected cadaver specimen [1], but it was not until 1910 that Kroiss [2] attributed the snapping knee syndrome to the anomaly. The discoid menisci have been the object of many studies, because they are frequently the source of symptoms [3,4]. The incidence is estimated to be 3% to 5% in the general population and slig...

Introduction We discuss and illustrate an important aspect of the modelling and analysis of time series data, namely structural change. We deal with this topic in the context of a general forecasting system employing dynamic (1985) extend the DLM class of models to include approaches for nonnormal and nonlinear models, and introduce the important practical concept of information discounting. We...

This paper summarizes the research on discriminative language modeling focusing on its application to automatic speech recognition (ASR). A discriminative language model (DLM) is typically a linear or log-linear model consisting of a weight vector associated with a feature vector representation of a sentence. This flexible representation can include linguistically and statistically motivated fe...

The mammalian basal ganglia-thalamocortical pathway is important for motor control, motor learning, and cognitive functions. It contains parallel, closed loops, at least some of which are organized topographically and in a modular manner. Songbirds have a circuit specialized for vocal learning, the anterior forebrain pathway (AFP), forming a basal ganglia loop with only three stations: the pall...

A temperature gradient throughout the dominant flight muscle (dorsolongitudinal muscle, DLM(1)) of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta, together with temperature-dependent muscle contractile rates, demonstrates that significant spatial variation in power production is possible within a single muscle. Using in situ work-loop analyses under varying muscle temperatures and phases of activation, we show tha...

The six Dorsal Longitudinal flight Muscles (DLMs) of Drosophila develop from three larval muscles that persist into metamorphosis and serve as scaffolds for the formation of the adult fibers. We have examined the effect of muscle scaffold ablation on the development of DLMs during metamorphosis. Using markers that are specific to muscle and myoblasts we show that in response to the ablation, my...

Part I of this report characterizes and assesses the Goldsmith-Larson Dynamic Linear Model (DLM) as a theory of linguistic stress systems, building on the analytic results of Parts II and III. The discussion is qualitative, eschewing formal details, and oriented to evaluating the linguistic import of the DLM. A variety of significant properties are reviewed, but it is shown that the fundamental...

We propose a lightly supervised training method for a discriminative language model (DLM) based on risk minimization criteria. In lightly supervised training, pseudo labels generated by automatic speech recognition (ASR) are used as references. However, as these labels usually include recognition errors, the discriminative models estimated from such faulty reference labels may degrade ASR perfo...

To improve traffic safety and mobility in work zone areas, the Dynamic Lane Merge (DLM) systems, intelligent work zone traffic control systems, have been explored by several states of the U.S.A. The DLM can take two forms; dynamic early merge and dynamic late merge. The DLM systems were designed to advise drivers on definite merging locations. Up to date, there are no studies that contrast both...