Neural coupling of proximal and distal upper limb segments may have functional implications in the recovery of hemiparesis after stroke. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether the stretch reflex response magnitude of spastic finger flexor muscles poststroke is influenced by sensory input from the shoulder and the elbow and whether reflex coupling of muscles throughout the uppe...

INTRODUCTION Distal humerus is a very rare predilection site of osteosarcoma. Limb salvage surgery has widely replaced amputation for surgical treatment of most types of malignant bone sarcomas. PRESENTATION OF CASE We presented a 42 years old male with rapidly growing osteosarcoma on his right distal humerus. After induction chemotherapy, wide excision and reconstruction using free vasculari...

In this paper we report investigations of the innervation of duplicated limb segments to test whether the addition of limb segments along the proximodistal axons could stimulate the growth of appropriate motoneurons into double occurrences of these muscles. Our evidence indicates that it does not. Using retrograde horseradish peroxidase nerve-tracing techniques and reconstructions of experiment...

To examine the role of BMP signaling during limb pattern formation, we isolated chicken cDNAs encoding type I (BRK-1 and BRK-2) and type II (BRK-3) receptors for bone morphogenetic proteins. BRK-2 and BRK-3, which constitute dual-affinity signaling receptor complexes for BMPs, are co-expressed in condensing precartilaginous cells, while BRK-1 is weakly expressed in the limb mesenchyme. BRK-3 is...

The capacity of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii to regenerate its walking legs provides a system for studying the mechanisms of neural regeneration and repair. A set number of excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons innervate all the limb musculature throughout the normal development and regeneration of a limb. The cell bodies of the motor neurons reside within the segmental ganglion and, upon...

as the major hazard of percutaneous vertebroplasty (pv), cement extravasation into the venous system, systemic embolism, and spinal canal has been previously reported. however, to our knowledge, only one case of the arterial migration of cement has been previously reported that is directly associated with this technique without any symptom in the immediate post- intervention and in the follow-u...

BACKGROUND Intravenous regional anaesthesia (IVRA) and hindfoot four-point nerve block anaesthesia (NBA) are recommended for local anaesthesia (LA) in the distal limb of dairy cows. Two studies were conducted to compare the efficacy, time until onset and stress responses to IVRA and NBA in dairy cows. In the first cross-over designed study, eight healthy unsedated German Holstein cows, restrain...

The Distal-less gene is known for its role in proximodistal patterning of Drosophila limbs. However, Distal-less has a second critical function during Drosophila limb development, that of distinguishing the antenna from the leg. The antenna-specifying activity of Distal-less is genetically separable from the proximodistal patterning function in that certain Distal-less allelic combinations exhi...

Mammals are remarkably diverse in limb lengths and proportions, but the number and kind of developmental mechanisms that contribute to length differences between limb bones remain largely unknown. Intra- and interspecific differences in bone length could result from variations in the cellular processes of endochondral bone growth, creating differences in rates of chondrocyte proliferation or hy...