BACKGROUND The Lewis (LEW) and Fischer (F344) rat strains appear differentially sensitive to the aversive effects of several used and abused drugs. Naloxone, a mu opioid receptor antagonist that induces aversions in outbred rats but has no abuse potential, was assessed to determine the characteristics of compounds for which the strains differ. METHODS Opioid-naïve male LEW and F344 rats were ...

Using molecular dynamics simulations, we study the effect of the brush grafting density and degree of polymerization of the side chains on conformations of brush layers made of charged bottle-brush macromolecules. The thickness of the brush layer first decreases with increasing brush grafting density; then, it saturates and remains constant in the wide interval of the brush grafting densities. ...

Traditional medicine is widely practiced in tropical countries. Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) fruit juice is advocated as a part of complementary and alternative medicine. If the bottle gourd juice becomes bitter it is considered toxic. We report 15 patients, who developed toxicity due to drinking bitter bottle gourd juice. Patients presented with abdominal pain, vomiting, hematemesis, dia...

plastics, one of the most abundant materials in the world today, are one of the main sources of pollution. people’s perception of using and disposing plastic bags is primordial as they tend to be a major part of household solid waste. this study aims to determine community’s perception of usage and disposal of plastic bags in eastern ethiopia. a quantitative cross-sectional study has been condu...

We demonstrate that a laser beam converging from a specific transverse mode is a bottle beam, as described in J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 20, 1220 (2003). To our knowledge, this is the first time that a bottle beam has been generated directly from a laser. By calculating the radiation forces on a dielectric Rayleigh sphere in the bottle beam, we show that the single beam can trap high-refractive-index p...

BACKGROUND Infants with chronic respiratory symptoms should be evaluated thoroughly because there are various causes which are different from those of children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to investigate the relationship between chronic respiratory symptoms and bedtime bottle feeding in infants after the age of 6 months. METHODS We conducted a prospective study that in...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between pacifier use and bottle-feeding and unfavorable behaviors during breastfeeding. METHOD A cross-sectional study was conducted with 427 babies/mothers. Socio-demographic, perinatal data, and information about the use of artificial nipples (pacifier and/or bottle) were collected through a questionnaire. The breastfeeding aspects regarding position...