Muslims living in the Indonesian archipelago have long placed considerable importance on their travels to and communications with what they saw as intellectual centers for the study of Islam. I trace some of the effects of these “intellectual pilgrimages” to Mecca, Cairo, and elsewhere on Indonesian deliberations about Islam, particularly concerning Islamic law. I argue that these references to...

Background: For several centuries, there has been a debate about the dimensions of intellectual property to support the thinkers of society and prevent their exploitation. Unfortunately, this invisible and powerful asset is increasingly vulnerable. Therefore, establishing favorable regulations, guaranteeing proper criminal enforcement and effective enforcement of laws in order to protect these ...

rapid development in assisted reproductive techniques along with relieving the pain of childlessness has brought new ethical and policy dilemmas. posthumous assisted reproduction is the most challenging, difficult and sensitive issue to be discussed ethically and religiously. in this paper the acceptability of the posthumous reproduction in islamic contexts is evaluated and major concerns like ...

without general principles, no system of law is conceivable. these principles have special position not only in domestic but also in international law. general principles would have been invoked even though those principles were not cited as the sources of international law in accordance with the statute of icj, article 38. those are taken into account as the independent source of international...

The growth of research biobanks has created many new ethical challenges worldwide. This article outlines and discusses key issues in the governance of Saudi Biobank, a newly established national biobank in Saudi Arabia launched in 2014. The Saudi Biobank project includes human biological samples from participants aged 10-70 years and aims to conduct an extensive study on the influence of genes,...

hisba is a regulatory regime in islamic law which could be a base for islamic economic regulation but has been neglected for centuries. the protection of integrity of the market and competition is a prominent economic and legal objective in modern economies. however, the focus in the islamic law has been on the bipolar relations among the individuals in the form of law of contract or law of tor...

Evolution of the concept of “environmental damages” is one of the aspects of development in international environmental law. In fact, after increasing global environmental problems and lack of efficiency in international environmental law to prevent the damage, unifying the concept of “environmental damage” in the law is being considered as a solution for this matter. Moreover, development of i...

punitive damages are not compensation for injury and is levied to punish reprehensible conduct of defendant and to deter its future occurrence. common law is the base of this approach. according to the u.k. house of lords, there are some restrictions in levying this kind of damage. these restrictions have been fully respected by the courts of all the commonwealth states except australia and the...