BACKGROUND Sunscreen use and dietary antioxidants are advocated as preventives of skin aging, but supporting evidence is lacking. OBJECTIVE To determine whether regular use of sunscreen compared with discretionary use or β-carotene supplements compared with placebo retard skin aging, measured by degree of photoaging. DESIGN Randomized, controlled, community-based intervention. (Australian N...

The changing economic conditions have challenged many organizations to search for more efficient and effective ways to manage their supply chain. During recent years supplier selection decisions have received considerable attention in the supply chain management (SCM) literature. There are four major decisions that are related to the supplier selection process: what product or services to order...

Consumers’ decisions to spend money on tourism occur in the context of the other potential uses of their resources and corresponding values or utilities. While many studies have examined the demand for travel and tourism there is no known study that reveals how individuals and households make tradeoffs when allocating their spending between various potential categories of discretionary expendit...

This paper examines the emergence of differing student behaviour in the use of ICT in Melbourne and Singapore. It seeks to explain the stark contrasts in intra-group communication and the use of online course materials in terms of cultural differences, drawing largely on Hofstede’s framework for cultural analysis. Hofstede found Australians to be highly individualistic and to have both low powe...

'Discretionary fortification' refers to the addition of vitamins and minerals to foods at the discretion of manufacturers for marketing purposes, but not as part of a planned public health intervention. While the nutrients added may correspond to needs in the population, an examination of novel beverages sold in Toronto supermarkets revealed added nutrients for which there is little or no evide...

PURPOSE To examine the effects of patient, physician, and health care system characteristics on primary care physicians' (PCPs') specialty referral decision making. METHODS Physicians (n=142) and their practices (n=83) located in 30 states completed background questionnaires and collected survey data for all patient visits (n=34,069) made during 15 consecutive workdays. The authors modeled th...

Young people develop as “the sum of past experiences,” and data on their time use are one means of quantifying those experiences. U.S. children and adolescents spend dramatically less time than in the agrarian past in household and incomegenerating labor. Because such labor is usually repetitive and unchallenging, this reduction has probably not deprived youths of crucial developmental experien...

In this paper, we posit that consumer heterogeneity moderates the respective relationships between two important online purchase objectives of saving money and saving time on online purchase decisions. To explore this relationship, we empirically examine the moderating roles of consumer heterogeneity on the effects of money saved, time saved, and delivery time on purchase decisions. On the basi...