Black bean genotypes have high resistance to the important pests and diseases of common bean. To evaluate the effectiveness of four genes in the direct (plant negatively effects on biology and reproduction of herbivore by its physical and biochemical barriers) and or indirect)by attracting natural enemies of herbivores(in black beans against two spotted spider mite, expression levels of these g...

abstract the present study deals with a comparison between reactive and pre-emptive focus-on-form in terms of application and efficiency. it was conducted in an intermediate english class in shahroud. 15 male learners participated in this research and their age ranged from 18 to 25. a course book, new interchange 3, and a complementary book were used. every session the learners gave lectures o...

Fescues (Festuca spp) are widely distributed in the temperate regions and are used for turf, forage and soil conservation. Though seed traits are important measures of the effects of endophytic fungi on their host, little information is available in this respect for Festuca. In this study, endophyte-infected (E+) and endophyte-free (E-) clones of the six fescue genotypes were used to investigat...

Recognizing of position of ancient sites, it is of the great help to archaeologist. After this recognition, the archaeologist with rely on the knowledge and usual techniques in archaeology can determine the range of sites. After the discovery of this information, the archaeologist can get the information about the social, economic, livelihood and political of the past of sites. In this researc...

Fescues (Festuca spp) are widely distributed in the temperate regions and are used for turf, forage and soil conservation. Though seed traits are important measures of the effects of endophytic fungi on their host, little information is available in this respect for Festuca. In this study, endophyte-infected (E+) and endophyte-free (E-) clones of the six fescue genotypes were used to investigat...

Background and objective: Flood damages and losses include a wide range of environmental, social and economic damages; therefore, all dimensions of flood damages need to be considered in the process of flood risk planning and management. The present research was conducted with the aim of introducing the integrated assessment framework in relation to damages incurred by flood considering four co...