analogy and how to treat it is among the earliest issues in the jurisprudence and principles of legal schools. meanwhile, although in shī‘ism the universal approach in this respect has since long ago been a negative one and it still continues to be so, the important issue that has to be taken into further consideration and more deeply contemplated on despite the theological viewpoints of the ju...

water user cooperatives were formed due to consideration to people's empowerment and participation in water investment and management. the purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of development and strengthening of water user cooperatives in the aras river basin. the study population consisted of the management board members of the water user cooperatives in the aras basin in th...

The financial crisis of 2007-2009 has triggered the development legal solutions aimed at reducing economic turmoil by, in particular, increasing responsibility shareholders institutions for failure latter. question include, inter alia, procedures forced restructuring and establishment level so-called MREL them. Counted among these are also credit unions, situation which entities shows a number ...

the character of cosmopolitanism in e-commerce disputes is much more complicated than in normal international transactions. internet environment has created challenges and changes about the governing law of contracts in this space. this cyber space has technical and legal differences in compared with physical environment. in this paper, we intend to answer this question that in dispute arising ...

Science and engineering research increasingly relies on activities that facilitate research but are not currently rewarded or recognized. This includes the sharing of data; development of common data resources, software and methodologies; and annotation of data and publications. This situation has been documented in a number of recent reports [1, 2] that focus on changing needs and mechanisms f...

Abstract
 In international trade, the seller who will send goods to other countries and buyer price of be bought want sure that party contract fulfill its debts properly. The letter credit is an institution aims provide this. A a made by person has purchased goods, upon submission certain documents determined seller, making with bank ensure payment debt. supervisor opens credit. beneficiar...

This paper presents a novel interpretation of the fact that high nominal interest rates accompany low levels of real GNP. It constructs a model in which money and bonds are both held as a result of legal restrictions on the banking system. Open market operations may increase the equilibrium rate of interest and raise the cost of credit. This increase in the cost of credit causes firms to write ...

Does the existence of formal title to land and real estate matter for the distribution of wealth? This paper reviews the empirical literature on the economic impact of land and real estate administration systems across countries. This paper argues that a functioning credit market for secured credit is necessary to realize the full benefits of legal title to private real estate. This paper also ...