BackgroundAlthough evidence has indicated a positive effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on reducing pain, few studies have focused the elderly population with knee osteoarthritis (KOA).ObjectiveTo evaluate whether tDCS reduces KOA pain in individuals dysfunctional descending inhibitory system (DPIS).MethodsIn double-blind trial, ? 60 years and DPIS, we randomly assigned pa...

background: households’ financial protection against health payments and expenditures and equity in utilization of health care services are of the most important tasks of governments. this study aims to measuring equity in household’s health care payments according to fairness in financial contribution (ffc) and kakwani indices in tehran-iran, 2013. methods: this cross-sectional study was condu...

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic widespread pain syndrome (CWPS) that is generally considered to be the result of a dysfunctional central pain modulating system. It is thought to importantly involve the descending pain inhibitory system. FM is known to be associated with multimodal hypersensitivity: mechanical, thermal, visual, and auditory. It is associated with a variety of comorbid conditions ...

Hypertonia and hyperreflexia are classically described responses to upper motor neuron injury. However, acute hypotonia and areflexia with motor deficit are hallmark findings after many central nervous system insults such as acute stroke and spinal shock. Historic theories to explain these contradictory findings have implicated a number of potential mechanisms mostly relying on the loss of desc...

OBJECTIVE Minimally invasive multiple vessel revascularization has been accomplished using all arterial graft concepts and aortocoronary vein grafts. The aim of the present study was to determine the technical feasibility of minimally invasive axillary artery to coronary artery vein grafting in the human cadaver. METHODS In seven human cadavers the axillary artery was approached bilaterally v...

The pontine oral reticular nucleus, gigantocellular reticular nucleus (Gi) and dorsal paragigantocellular nucleus (DPGi) of the medulla are key elements of a brainstem-reticulospinal inhibitory system that participates in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep atonia. Our recent study has shown that excitation of these brainstem nuclei in decerebrate rats inhibits locus coeruleus cells and the midbrain...

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) act upon peripheral tissues and upon the central nervous system to produce analgesia. A major central target of NSAIDs is the descending pain control system. The rostral structures of the descending pain control system send impulses towards the spinal cord and regulate the transmission of pain messages. Key structures of the descending pain control ...

Background: Households’ financial protection against health payments and expenditures and equity in utilization of health care services are of the most important tasks of governments. This study aims to measuring equity in household’s health care payments according to fairness in financial contribution (FFC) and Kakwani indices in Tehran-Iran, 2013. Methods: This cross-sectional study was c...