1 Basic Ideas 3 1.1 Measurement in Quantum Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Widely Prevalent View of Quantum Measurements (which is wrong!) . . . . 4 1.3 Incomplete State Information and Density Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3.1 Density Matrices and Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3.2 Reduced Density Operators . . . . . . . . . . . ....

A quantum measurement is logically reversible if the premeasurement density operator of the measured system can be calculated from the postmeasurement density operator and from the outcome of the measurement. This paper analyzes why many quantum measurements are logically irreversible, shows how to make them logically reversible, and discusses reversing measurement that returns the postmeasurem...

the nondestructive techniques are applied to identify important data from the internal process of distillation towers, process towers, pressure vessels and etc. in recent, the gamma-ray scanning techniques as diagnostic tools for scanning of tray columns, packed columns, storage tanks, level measurement and density measurement of containing materials has been used widely. this paper has tried t...

We consider Bayesian estimation of state space models when the measurement density is not available but estimating equations for the parameters of the measurement density are available from moment conditions. The most common applications are partial equilibrium models involving moment conditions that depend on dynamic latent variables (e.g., timevarying parameters, stochastic volatility) and dy...

Spatial distribution of electron density inside parallel plate dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) is discussed in this presentation by using CO2-laser heterodyne interferometry measurement. This interferometry measurement has been used for low pressure plasmas and applied to DC microplasmas at atmospheric pressure recently. To derive the electron density inside pulsed plasmas like DBD, we used ...