Alterations in the immune system are often found children with Autism Spectrum Disorders [ASD], leading to an aberrant response which compromises host defense. Fewer regulatory T-cells, elevation inflammatory cells and proinflammatory cytokines have been highly reported this population it has recently seen as a chronic neuroinflammatory disorder. Cytokines dysregulated ASD especially IL-6, is o...

Plants activate distinct defense responses depending on the lifestyle of the attacker encountered. In these responses, salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) play important signaling roles. SA induces defense against biotrophic pathogens that feed and reproduce on live host cells, whereas JA activates defense against necrotrophic pathogens that kill host cells for nutrition and reproduction...

BACKGROUND Airway epithelial cells are critical in host defense against bacteria including Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. beta2-agonists are mainstay of COPD and asthma therapy, but whether beta2-agonists directly affect airway epithelial host defense functions is unclear. METHODS Epithelial cells from bronchial brushings of normal (n = ...

Immune responses are critical for defense. During primary infections, the antigen-specific CD8 T cells of the adaptive immune system are expanded from extremely low frequencies of cells and develop ‘‘memory’’ for heightened secondary responses. Innate natural killer (NK) cells, present at much higher frequencies, can also be expanded and develop memory. Subset NK and T cell proliferative respon...

abstract in this study the relationship among perfectionism, defense styles and depression symptoms was studied. participants were 426 undergraduate students from the university of guilan (264 females, 162 males), who were selected through randomized clustering multistage method. all participants were asked to complete the multidimensional perfectionism scale (hewitt & flett, 1991), the defense...

Helper T (Th) cells regulate immune responses by producing various cytokines upon antigen stimulation. Helper T cells can be divided into two subsets, Th1 and Th2 [2]. The Th1 cells are responsible for defense against infectious intracellular microorganisms. The Th2 cells are responsible for defense against extracellular pathogens and the development of allergic immune reactions. The SOCS famil...

Redox-based post-translational modifications (PTMs) involving protein cysteine residues as redox sensors are important to various physiological processes. However, little is known about redox-sensitive proteins in guard cells and their functions stomatal immunity. In this study, we applied an integrative labeling method cysTMTRAQ, identified cell that were altered by thiol PTMs response a bacte...