The evaluation of electric bike (e-bike) riders’ perception comfort can lead to a better understanding user requirements. This be performed through Level-of-service (LOS) studies. To date, the e-bike LOS (ELOS) concept is scarcely developed and research concerning travel behaviour characteristics relatively sparse. In this paper, we use (BLOS) studies as foundation identify knowledge gap for EL...

in the current engineering practices, buildings are commonly designed for an effective lifetime of 50 years. this lifetime can increase the cost of buildings with short lifetimes and can reduce the safety level of buildings with large lifetimes. in this paper, a “service-life factor” has been defined. applying this factor into the nominal values of live, earthquake, wind, and snow loads, the ef...