background and objectives: over the last decade, climate change has been one of the most challenging issues in the scientific papers. studying the impacts of climate change on crop productivity at regional scale will depend on the right estimate of future climate. this estimation is being implemented by climate models and most of them by general circulation models (gcms). this study aims at pre...

This review paper presents an assessment of the current state of knowledge and capability in seasonal climate prediction at the end of the 20th century. The discussion covers the full range of issues involved in climate forecasting, including (1) the theory and empirical evidence for predictability; (2) predictions of surface boundary conditions, such as sea surface temperatures (SSTs) that dri...

During the last two decades, forest condition in Germany and in some other parts of Europe has stabilized,1 because the emission of harmful pollutants and their deposition in the forests was lowered substantially.2 The still enduring deposition of nitrogen compounds in a typical size between 16 and 20 kg/(ha*a) in German forests exceeds natural levels and must be evaluated as a potential danger...

Tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies influence the atmospheric circulation, impacting climate far beyond the tropics. The predictability of the corresponding atmospheric signals is typically limited to less than 1 year lead time. Here we present observational and modelling evidence for multi-year predictability of coherent trans-basin climate variations that are characterized by a...

The current dominant model of development, based on market liberalisation and commercial globalisation, has conspicuously failed to deliver Health for All. The rate of health improvement in lowand middle-income countries (LMICs) has slowed dramatically over the past thirty years, while we have been brought to the brink of imminent environmental disaster as a result of climate change. This chapt...