▪ Stay in a TBE risk area ▪ Significantly reduced general condition with high fever and headaches ▪ Neurological deficits such as disturbances of consciousness and balance, paralysis of cranial nerves or extremities ▪ Evidence of TBE-specific IgM and IgG antibodies in blood ▪ Pleocytosis in CSF (normal cell count in extremely rare cases) ▪ Elevated TBE-specific antibody index at the latest 4 we...

In patients with syphilis, central nervous system (CNS) involvement is often difficult to determine. In patients who also are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), this is even more challenging, as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis can be attributed to HIV, syphilis, or both. Hence, this study investigated (i) CSF chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 (CXCL13) as a potential marker ...

We present a case of a previously healthy 17-year-old girl with history of Guillain-Barre Syndrome 5 years after initial presentation who presented with bilateral lower extremity pain, worsening dysphagia, subsequent weakness, and decreased reflexes. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis had a prominent lymphocytic pleocytosis. MRI of spine showed significant anterior nerve root enhancement. Electromyog...

A 53-year-old immigrant male patient presented with left scrotal swelling with a draining ulcer on the left hemiscrotum. Patient had intentional weight loss, fever and night sweats, cough, headaches, confusion and difficulty with ambulation. Imaging studies revealed innumerable pulmonary nodules, leptomeningeal enhancement of the brain and bilateral epididymo-orchitis. Acid fast bacilli (AFB) s...

A 9-month-old female Weimaraner was presented to the emergency service due to episodes of fever and neck pain. Physical examination revealed a stiff neck posture and elevated body temperature. Shortly after clinical examination was performed, the dog developed peracute onset of non-ambulatory tetraparesis compatible with a C1-C5 spinal cord (SC) lesion. Immediately thereafter (<1 h), MRI of the...

OBJECTIVE To prospectively analyze the prognostic factors for neurological complications of childhood bacterial meningitis. METHODS This prospective study enrolled 77 children from 1 month until 16 years of age, treated for bacterial meningitis during the period of January 1, 2009 through December 31, 2010. 16 relevant predictors were chosen to analyze their association with the incidence of ...

A 35-year-old woman presented with progressive left side proptosis, ophthalmoplegia and trigeminal neuralgia for one month. Brain MRI showed thickening of tentorium dura mater as typical pachymeningitis but extending to retroand intra-orbital space (figure). CSF study revealed lymphocyte predominant pleocytosis and positive PCR of mycobacterium tuberculosis. We used four combined anti-tuberculo...

A 50-year-old Caucasian woman presented with signs and symptoms of meningitis preceded by a 3 day history of flu-like symptoms and progressive difficulty with urination. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) analysis was consistent with aseptic meningitis. She was found to have a significant urinary retention secondary to atonic bladder. MRI of the brain and spine were normal and CSF-PCR (polymerase chain ...