This review aims to outline the effects of fluoride on the biological processes involved in the formation of tooth tissues, particularly dental enamel. Attention has been focused on mechanisms which, if compromised, could give rise to dental fluorosis. The literature is extensive and often confusing but a much clearer picture is emerging based on recent more detailed knowledge of odontogenesis....

Nonlinear optical techniques are emerging as powerful in-situ probes of crystallization processes due to their inherent sensitivity crystal structure and morphology.

We report an effective solvent engineering process to enable controlled perovskite crystal growth and a wider window for processing uniform and dense methyl ammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite films. Planar heterojunction solar cells fabricated with this method demonstrate hysteresis-free performance with a power conversion efficiency around 10%. The crystal structure of an organic-based P...

La-doped SrTiO3/TiO2 (La:STO/TO) eutectic crystals were grown by a micro-pulling-down method at various growth rates to control the morphology and thermoelectric properties. The La:STO/TO composed of TiO2 (TO) rod phase in SrTiO3 (STO) matrix for all rates. diameter TO systematically decreased as rate was increased, according Jackson–Hunt model, reached approximately 1 μm mm/min. crystal exhibi...

A new theoretical approach for the prediction of the growth habit of crystals is presented. This approach is based on a newly derived relation between the growth rate of crystal surfaces and habit-controlling factors, and includes a key step: a so-called interface structure ~IS! analysis. This analysis is to formulate the influence of the fluid phase on the crystal morphology. The essential of ...

In this experimental study, aerosol methods for producing titanium dioxide powders and increasing our knowledge of particle and crystal formation have been developed. Powders and ultrafine particles of titanium oxide were produced by an aerosol droplet decomposition route in tubular laminar flow reactors in air and nitrogen atmospheres. Reactor temperatures up to 1500°C were used with residence...

A comprehensive overview of morphology- and crystal phase-controlled synthesis Au nanomaterials via the [Au(I)-oleylamine] complex their promising applications.

The NbSe2 nanoplates with novel hexagonal morphology have been obtained via solid-state assembly of NbSe2 ultrathin nanosheets, which were prepared by a simple calcination process using micro-sized Nb and Se powders as the precursors. The influence of high-temperature annealing upon morphology of single-crystal NbSe2 was investigated. On the basis of experimental results of different temperatur...

A strategy has been adopted for simultaneous morphology manipulation and upconversion luminescence enhancement of β-NaYF4:Yb(3+)/Er(3+) microcrystals by simply tuning the KF dosage. X-ray power diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and photoluminescence spectra (PL) were used to cha...

The intensity of light scattered from a porous Si photonic crystal is used to monitor physiological changes in primary rat hepatocytes. The cells are seeded on the surface of a porous Si photonic crystal that has been filled with polystyrene and treated with an O2 plasma. Light resonant with the photonic crystal is scattered by the cell layer and detected as an optical peak with a charge-couple...