it is very important to analyze the rice market structure in mazandaran province, as this province is competent to produce rice. mazandaran rice market was analyzed by completing 55 questionnaires in producer, wholesaler and retailers level, randomly in 2009. results show that marketing margins of two varieties namely- local (tarom) and multi-product- were 5850 and 3700 rials, respectively; als...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has caused great morbidity, mortality, and use of health service in children younger than five years in China. Vaccines against EV71 have been proved effective and safe by recent phase 3 trials and are now available in China. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the health impact and cost-effectiveness of a national EV71 vaccination program in Chin...

We examine a firm’s P/E ratio in the context of a model wherein firms make sequential investments in production capacity. In addition to investment growth, our analysis seeks to identify pricing power in the firm’s product markets and accounting conservatism as determinants of the P/E ratio. A benchmark result demonstrates that, given unbiased accounting, the firm’s P/E ratio can be expressed a...

The present study was focused on supply chain analysis of fresh guava in order to evaluate existing marketing supply chains (SC1: Producer - Consumer, SC2: Producer - Retailer - Consumer, SC3: Producer - Commission agent - Retailer - Consumer, SC4: Producer - Commission agent - Wholesaler - Retailer - Consumer) for two variety (allahabad safeda and apple guava) of guava. The gross marketing pri...

the main goal of this study was to investigate the way of affecting of water in production of cucumber. from aspect of econometrics, mutual relationships of production function and expenses have been analyzed in which translog cost function has been used. this function has been estimated using the conditional input demand functions, the shefard theorem, chemical fertilizer, animal fertilizer, l...

This research was conducted in the west forest of Guilan, northern Iran. Data from various harvesting methods for 20 years were collected. Results showed that, productivity rate of round wood, pulp wood and fuel wood has had an upward trend, while rate of traditional products (lumber, sawn wood, charcoal, etc.) has had a downward trend. Production cost has been investigated in this research. Th...

The Thanksgiving-Christmas holiday period is a major sales period for US retailers. Due to higher store traffic, tasks such as restocking shelves, handling customers’ questions and inquiries, running cash registers, cleaning, and bagging, become more urgent during holidays. As a result, the holiday-period opportunity cost of price adjustment may increase dramatically for retail stores, which sh...

This chapter introduces the concept of educational efficiency and its calculating formula to describe the effect, cost, and duration of an educational system composing learners, teachers, and learning content and instructional approaches. Then the formula is used to compare the cost-effectiveness of the blended learning with CSIEC system and that of the traditional teaching and learning approac...