Grounding is the task of reducing a first-order theory to an equivalent propositional one. Typical grounders work on a sentence-by-sentence level, substituting variables by domain elements and simplifying where possible. In this work, we propose a method for reasoning on the first-order theory as a whole to optimize the grounding process. Concretely, we develop an algorithm that computes bounds...

We propose that Grounding, the process of achieving mutual understanding between participants in a conversation, be analyzed in terms of the actions performed by the conversants which contribute to achieving this mutual understanding. We propose a set of Grounding Acts which facilitate this analysis. This paper describes Grounding Acts, and a \grammar" stipulating which series of performance of...

A considerable amount of work has been done during the past ten years to develop methods to predict structural response in collision and grounding. The objective of the research is to improve structural design by taking into account accident loads. To achieve the goal, simplified methods must be available to analyze designs in largely varying accident scenarios. The paper assesses to what exten...

A prevalent and important coordination mechanism in dialogue is communicative 'listener feedback' in form of short verbal-vocal signals (e.g., 'uh-huh', 'yeah', 'huh'), head gestures (e.g., nodding, wiggling) or facial expressions. Listeners' feedback signals are indications of their cogni-tive state and communicate whether listeners and speakers are in contact , whether listeners perceive, und...

Recent interest in the nature of grounding is due in part to the idea that purely modal notions are too coarse-grained to capture what we have in mind when we say that one thing is grounded in another. Grounding not being purely modal in character, however, is compatible with it having modal consequences. Is grounding a necessary relation? In this article I argue that the answer is ‘yes’ in the...

To effectively improve the tire grounding behaviors of wheelchair robots, an analytical method is proposed to analyze and optimize the tire grounding safety. Firstly, taking the cushion and tires as the vibration isolation elements with stiffness and damping, the vertical vibration model of the human-wheelchair robot is established. Then, taking the random excitation as the typical input, the f...

This paper investigates the effect of metallic sheaths on losses and temperature of medium voltage power cables. Two grounding methods of sheaths, including both ends bonding and single point bonding that causes different situations on cable ampacity, are considered. Electrical losses of cables that are main sources of heat are calculated in both conductor and metallic sheath of the cables. She...

Due to limitations of 0.618 pole method, the triangle method and the champ ground resistance tester method on grounding resistance measurement of transmission lines and towers under conditions of complex landscape in a mountainous area, it adopts a generalized three-electrode grounding resistance measurement method which arranges electrode flexibly in the grounding resistance measurement of tra...

LCL and LCTL frequency characteristics for the balanced pair cable of power line communication system were measured for the several grounding conditions such as no, input side and output side groundings. In consequence, it is clear that the input side grounding for LCL became the worst, but the output side grounding for LCTL became the worst, and the tendency of the LCTL frequency characteristi...