Significant strain-gage errors may exist in measurements acquired in transient thermal environments if conventional correction methods are applied. Conventional correction theory was modified and a new experimental method was developed to correct indicated strain data for errors created in radiant heating environments ranging from 0.6 °C/sec (1 °F/sec) to over 56 °C/sec (100 °F/sec). In some ca...

Dibenzyl ethers and benzyl chloride can be obtained in moderate to excellent yields through Pd-catalysed reactions in hydrophobic ionic liquids using microwave or conventional heating.

Rolling circle amplification (RCA) generates single-stranded DNAs or RNA, and the diverse applications of this isothermal technique range from the sensitive detection of nucleic acids to analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms. Microwave chemistry is widely applied to increase reaction rate as well as product yield and purity. The objectives of the present research were to apply microwave h...

In this study, a cast rod is used as the material for the forging process (without extrusion). The cast forging process is used to ameliorate the coarse grains that form in the follow-up heating process of extrusion-forged materials. Infrared (IR) heating is also used for comparison with conventional heating processes. Experimental results show that the direct forging process (without extrusion...

During thelast20-30 years, palladium-catalyzed reactions have witnessed tremendous advances in the industrial and organic reactions such as hydrogenation, coupling, cyanation and amination. Despite the wide utility of Pd-catalysts in these reactions, they suffer from a number of drawbacks such as recovery, reuse of catalyst and remain as  a contaminant in the products at the end of the reaction...

An alternative method of rapid-cycle PCR for DNA amplification is demonstrated using electrolyte resistance for heating and temperature monitoring. The PCR amplification solution is electrically conductive and can be heated by passing an alternating current through the sample. The temperature of the solution is evaluated by monitoring its electrical resistance. Cooling is accomplished by forced...

Uniform temperature control of heating plate with a wide thermal conduction area is required in many industrial application fields. In this paper, a novel approach for uniform heating based on the physical property of thermal conduction is proposed. The main idea of the proposed scheme is to control the average and gradient temperatures between arbitrary points whereas in conventional way direc...

Sustaining a plasma in a magnetron discharge requires energization of the plasma electrons. In this work, Ohmic heating of electrons outside the cathode sheath is demonstrated to be typically of the same order as sheath energization, and a simple physical explanation is given. We propose a generalized Thornton equation that includes both sheath energization and Ohmic heating of electrons. The s...

Five quaternary ammonium ionic liquid (IL) and two tetrabutylphosphonium ILs were prepared and characterized. An environmentally benign and convenient functionalized ionic liquid catalytic system was thus explored in the aldol condensation reactions of aromatic aldehydes with acetone. The aldol reactions proceeded more efficiently through microwave-assisted heating than through conventional the...

The maximum superheating of a solid prior to melting depends on the effective dimensionless nucleation energy barrier, heterogeneities such as free surfaces and defects, and heating rates. Superheating is rarely achieved with conventional slow heating due to the dominant effect of heterogeneous nucleation. In present work, we investigate the superheating-melting behavior of crystals utilizing u...