This article is the second of a three-part series that investigates the application of the ventilation equations to designing and testing cleanrooms. This part is concerned with the decay equation. The recovery test, described in ISO 14644-3 (2005) is discussed, and improvements recommended. The application of the decay equation to the ‘clean up’ requirement given in the EU GGMP (2008) is also ...

The flow of transgenes into landraces and wild relatives is an important biosafety concern. The case of transgene flow into local maize varieties in Mexico (the center of origin of maize) has been intensively debated over the past 15 years, including legal, political, and environmental disputes fanned by the existence of a significant scientific controversy over the methods used for the detecti...

Beneficial mutations drive adaptive evolution, yet their selective advantage does not ensure their fixation. Haldane's application of single-type branching process theory showed that genetic drift alone could cause the extinction of newly arising beneficial mutations with high probability. With linkage, deleterious mutations will affect the dynamics of beneficial mutations and might further inc...

Over the last few decades, Anzali wetland has been at risk of pollutants, especially from heavy metals. The present research analyzes some physical and chemical properties and heavy metals concentration in 27 points in nine stations of Anzali wetland. The samples of each station have been mixed, acidic digested, and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The mean con...

In massive multiple-input multiple-out (M-MIMO) systems, the base station estimates each forward-link channel by using the reverse-link sounding pilot and the channel reciprocity property of time division duplex (TDD) operation. However, conventional non-cooperative sounding schemes, like a sounding sequence assignment scheme with reuse factor-1, cause cell edge users to suffer from pilot conta...

Recovery from the Flint Water Crisis has been hindered by uncertainty in both the water testing process and the causes of contamination. In this work, we develop an ensemble of predictive models to assess the risk of lead contamination in individual homes and neighborhoods. To train these models, we utilize a wide range of data sources, including voluntary residential water tests, historical re...

The wave function usually employed in quantum Monte Carlo ~QMC! electronic structure calculations is the product of a Jastrow factor and a sum of products of up-spin and down-spin determinants. Typically, a different Jastrow factor is used for paralleland antiparallel-spin electrons in order to satisfy the cusp conditions and thereby ensure that the local energy at electron– electron coincidenc...

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for large waterborne epidemics of acute hepatitis in endemic regions and for sporadic autochthonous cases in non endemic regions. Although the water vector has been thoroughly documented in endemic regions, very little is known about the modes of contamination occurring in non endemic regions. Unlike the other hepatitis viruses, HEV has an animal reservoir...

To the Editor: Editor, I read the recent published work on glove removal method and distance with a great interest. Lai et al concluded that ‘‘The impact of the glove removal procedure and the distance to the bin in which used gloves are discarded should be taken into consideration on a daily basis’’. I would like to add somemore factors that are reported to be relating to the hand contaminatio...